Entre el Dolor y la Ira. La Venganza de Antonio Ramón Ramón. Chile, 1914.

Muchas veces se nos señala que el conocimiento histórico es el conjunto de discursos acerca del pasado, esto asumiendo que dicho conocimiento, como objeto de estudio, no ha sido creado mas que por el discurso que lo nombra y que es articulado por el historiador. Bajo esta premisa, la obra que a continuación reseñamos pretendería aportar al conocimiento sobre nuestro pasado en la forma de ser enfática resaltando el discurso articulado por su autor, o más bien el sello interpretativo de este frente a un episodio del pasado. Pues bien, una vez más el profesor Igor Goicovic deja claro que lo suyo no es un relato desapasionado sobre el pasado, si no que, y muy marcado en esta su obra, el tipo de historiografía que el pretende realizar es la que guarda relación con la construcción del conocimiento histórico comprometida con la conciencia del hoy en donde se comprende que el pasado debe en gran parte su existencia al apreciarlo como un medio a partir del cual el presente se ve reflejado

"Tan lejos, tan cerca..." Auge y decadencia en la frontera carbonífera. El caso de Curanilahue y Lebu, 1880-1930.

El siguiente trabajo versa sobre el dispar desarrollo que registraron dos importantes campamentos mineros de la zona del Golfo de Arauco durante un período en el cual la industria del carbón experimenta un gran auge gatillado por el crecimiento del mercado interno en nuestro país, el trazado de nuevas rutas de transporte a nivel internacional y, hacia fines de este período, el estallido de la Primera Guerra Mundial. Bajo estas condiciones, mientras Curanilahue nace como un centro minero de primer orden a nivel nacional con un fuerte impacto económico en la zona producto de la construcción de ferrocarril que une a esta ciudad con Concepción, Lebu, uno de los primeros y más tradicionales asentamientos carboníferos del país, se ve fuertemente afectado por el período de recesión económica de la década de 1870, el cual no logra superaren los años posteriores, exhibiendo evidentes signos de declinación y decadencia que relegan a este puerto a un lugar muy secundario respecto al resto de los centros mineros esparcidos por la cuenca carbonífera de Arauco

Deserción, disciplinamiento y alistamiento militar. A propósito de la instauración del Servicio Militar Obligatorio en Chile, 1885-1901

This research addresses to the transformation perceived within the army of Chile with the introduction of compulsory military service under Prussian influence, which sought to overcome the previous system of enlistment or forced transformation cam. On the background and precedents of this change, this paper shows the strong challenge to the previous system and the debate generated about it. We also will show if the objectives pursued on this change were achieved, at least in partial terms.Esta investigación aborda la transformación advertida al interior del ejército de Chile con la instauración del Servicio Militar Obligatorio bajo la influencia prusiana, que buscó superar el sistema anterior de enrolamiento o leva forzosa. En el contexto y los antecedentes de este cambio, este trabajo muestra el fuerte cuestionamiento al sistema precedente y del debate que en torno a él se generó. Asimismo, se verá si los objetivos perseguidos con dicho cambio se alcanzaron, al menos en términos parciales

Newborn Screening for Primary T- and B-Cell Immune Deficiencies—A Prospective Study in Andalucía

Background: Quantification of T-cell-receptor-excision circles (TRECs) and kappa-deleting-recombination-excision circles (KRECs) from dried blood spots (DBS) allows detection of neonates with severe T-cell and/or B-cell lymphopenia that are potentially affected by severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), as well as X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA). Methods: Determination of TRECs and KRECs using a triplex RT-PCR (TRECS-KRECS-β-actin) assay from prospectively collected DBS between February 2014 and December 2016 in three hospitals in Seville, Spain. Cut-off levels were TRECs 700/punch. Internal (SCID, XLA, ataxia telangiectasia) and external controls (CDC) were included. Results: A total of 8943 DBS samples obtained from 8814 neonates were analysed. Re-punching was necessary in 124 samples (1.4%) due to insufficient β-actin values (<700 copies/punch). Preterm neonates (GA < 37 weeks) and neonates with a BW < 2500 g showed significantly lower TRECs and KRECs levels (p < 0.001). Due to repeated pathological results, ten neonates were re-sampled (0.11%), of which five neonates (0.055%) confirmed the pathological results: one case was a fatal chromosomopathy (TRECs 1/KRECs 4); two were extreme premature newborns (TRECs 0/KRECs 0 and TRECs 1/KRECs 20 copies/punch); and 2 neonates were born to mothers receiving azathioprine during pregnancy (TRECs 92/KRECs 1 and TRECs 154/KRECs 3 copies/punch). All controls were correctly identified. Conclusions: Severe T- and B-cell lymphopenias were correctly identified by the TRECS-KRECS-β-actin assay. Prematurity and low BW are associated with lower TREC and KREC levels. Extreme prematurity and maternal immune suppressive therapy can cause false positive results of TRECs and KRECs values.Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias (FIS), Instituto de Salud Carlos III PI13/01104Ayudas para contratos de formación en Investigación Rio Hortega. Instituto de Salud Carlos II

Effect of viral storm in patients admitted to intensive care units with severe COVID-19 in Spain: a multicentre, prospective, cohort study

Background: The contribution of the virus to the pathogenesis of severe COVID-19 is still unclear. We aimed to evaluate associations between viral RNA load in plasma and host response, complications, and deaths in critically ill patients with COVID-19. Methods: We did a prospective cohort study across 23 hospitals in Spain. We included patients aged 18 years or older with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection who were admitted to an intensive care unit between March 16, 2020, and Feb 27, 2021. RNA of the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid region 1 (N1) was quantified in plasma samples collected from patients in the first 48 h following admission, using digital PCR. Patients were grouped on the basis of N1 quantity: VIR-N1-Zero (2747 N1 copies per mL). The primary outcome was all-cause death within 90 days after admission. We evaluated odds ratios (ORs) for the primary outcome between groups using a logistic regression analysis. Findings: 1068 patients met the inclusion criteria, of whom 117 had insufficient plasma samples and 115 had key information missing. 836 patients were included in the analysis, of whom 403 (48%) were in the VIR-N1-Low group, 283 (34%) were in the VIR-N1-Storm group, and 150 (18%) were in the VIR-N1-Zero group. Overall, patients in the VIR-N1-Storm group had the most severe disease: 266 (94%) of 283 patients received invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV), 116 (41%) developed acute kidney injury, 180 (65%) had secondary infections, and 148 (52%) died within 90 days. Patients in the VIR-N1-Zero group had the least severe disease: 81 (54%) of 150 received IMV, 34 (23%) developed acute kidney injury, 47 (32%) had secondary infections, and 26 (17%) died within 90 days (OR for death 0·30, 95% CI 0·16-0·55; p<0·0001, compared with the VIR-N1-Storm group). 106 (26%) of 403 patients in the VIR-N1-Low group died within 90 days (OR for death 0·39, 95% CI 0·26-0·57; p<0·0001, compared with the VIR-N1-Storm group). Interpretation: The presence of a so-called viral storm is associated with increased all-cause death in patients admitted to the intensive care unit with severe COVID-19. Preventing this viral storm could help to reduce poor outcomes. Viral storm could be an enrichment marker for treatment with antivirals or purification devices to remove viral components from the blood.This work was supported by grants from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (FONDO-COVID19, COV20/00110, CIBERES, 06/06/0028; AT), Proyectos de Investigación en Salud (PI19/00590; JFB-M), Miguel Servet (CP20/00041; DdG-C), Sara Borrell (CD018/0123; APT), and Predoctorales de Formación en Investigación en Salud (FI20/00278; AdF). We also received funds from Programa de Donaciones Estar Preparados, UNESPA (Madrid, Spain), and from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR OV2–170357; DJK and JFB-M), Research Nova Scotia, Li-Ka Shing Foundation (DJK), and finally by a Research Grant 2020 from ESCMID (APT). COV20/00110, PI19/00590, CP20/00041, CD018/0123, FI20/00278 were co-funded by European Regional Development Fund and European Social Fund (A way to make Europe, and Investing in your future). We thank the IRB-Lleida Biobank 119 (B.0000682) and Plataforma Biobancos PT17/0015/0027 in Lleida, the Hospital Clinic Barcelona (HCB)-IDIBAPS biobank in Barcelona, and the National DNA Bank and the Hospital Universitario de Salamanca biobank (both in Salamanca) for their logistical support with sample processing and storage. We are indebted to the Fundació Glòria Soler for its contribution and support to the COVIDBANK of HCBIDIBAPS Biobank. This work was not supported by any pharmaceutical company or other agency.S

Effect of viral storm in patients admitted to intensive care units with severe COVID-19 in Spain: a multicentre, prospective, cohort study

Background: The contribution of the virus to the pathogenesis of severe COVID-19 is still unclear. We aimed to evaluate associations between viral RNA load in plasma and host response, complications, and deaths in critically ill patients with COVID-19. Methods: We did a prospective cohort study across 23 hospitals in Spain. We included patients aged 18 years or older with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection who were admitted to an intensive care unit between March 16, 2020, and Feb 27, 2021. RNA of the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid region 1 (N1) was quantified in plasma samples collected from patients in the first 48 h following admission, using digital PCR. Patients were grouped on the basis of N1 quantity: VIR-N1-Zero ([removed]2747 N1 copies per mL). The primary outcome was all-cause death within 90 days after admission. We evaluated odds ratios (ORs) for the primary outcome between groups using a logistic regression analysis. Findings: 1068 patients met the inclusion criteria, of whom 117 had insufficient plasma samples and 115 had key information missing. 836 patients were included in the analysis, of whom 403 (48%) were in the VIR-N1-Low group, 283 (34%) were in the VIR-N1-Storm group, and 150 (18%) were in the VIR-N1-Zero group. Overall, patients in the VIR-N1-Storm group had the most severe disease: 266 (94%) of 283 patients received invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV), 116 (41%) developed acute kidney injury, 180 (65%) had secondary infections, and 148 (52%) died within 90 days. Patients in the VIR-N1-Zero group had the least severe disease: 81 (54%) of 150 received IMV, 34 (23%) developed acute kidney injury, 47 (32%) had secondary infections, and 26 (17%) died within 90 days (OR for death 0·30, 95% CI 0·16–0·55; p<0·0001, compared with the VIR-N1-Storm group). 106 (26%) of 403 patients in the VIR-N1-Low group died within 90 days (OR for death 0·39, 95% CI 0·26–0·57; p[removed]11 página

Tres presidentes en la maestranza central de ferrocarriles durante los gobiernos del frente popular, (1936-1952)

The following article aims to study the visits and inspections carried out by three presidents of the Republic, and their respective committees, to the Maestranza Central de Ferrocarriles, located in the city of San Bernardo, during the years of Radical Governments. In these State visits we try to notice the character of political practice that was in them, also proposing that in those made to the San Bernardo Maestranza, the intentions of feeling the feeling of the railroad guild against the event of the country were hidden, to loyalty their support and, where possible, place the Maestranza as a model workshop at the national level, in which it was possible to successfully implement the developmental policies carried out from the State.El siguiente artículo tiene por propósito estudiar las visitas e inspecciones realizadas por tres presidentes de la República, y sus respectivas comitivas, a la Maestranza Central de Ferrocarriles, ubicada en la ciudad de San Bernardo, durante los años de los gobiernos radicales. En estas visitas de Estado intentamos advertir el carácter de práctica política que hubo en ellas, proponiendo además que en aquellas realizadas a la Maestranza de San Bernardo, se escondieron las intenciones de palpar el sentir del gremio ferroviario frente al acontecer del país, fidelizar su apoyo y, en lo posible, situar a la Maestranza como un taller modelo a nivel nacional, en el cual se logró implementar con éxito las políticas desarrollistas llevadas a cabo desde el Estado

“¡Por qué somos anticomunistas!”. La organización sindical de los ferroviarios en Chile. Su génesis, desarrollo y comportamiento político partidista entre 1922 y 1948

The dominant presence of the leftist parties, and in particular of communism, over the Chilean trade unions organization has been an undeniable fact in the development of this social sector throughout the 20th century. Contrary to this trend, rail workers in Chile expressed a different position regarding the presence of communism in their ranks, which translated into rejection and reluctance toward this ideology. This article proposes that given the negotiating capacity that the railway workers were able to articulate with the authorities of their company and those of the country, they allowed themselves to dispense with the partisan support offered by the leftist groups to settle the conflicts that arose between capital and the working class, attenuating with this the influence of the communists within their guild.La presencia hegemónica de los partidos de izquierda, y en particular del comunismo, sobre la organización sindical del proletariado chileno ha sido un hecho indesmentible en el desarrollo de este sector social a lo largo del siglo XX. A contracorriente de esta tendencia, los trabajadores del riel en Chile expresaron una posición distinta respecto a la penetración del comunismo en sus filas, la cual se tradujo en rechazo y reticencia a la injerencia de esta ideología en su base sindical. Este artículo propone que dada la capacidad negociadora que los ferroviarios lograron articular con las autoridades de su empresa y las del país, se permitieron prescindir del apoyo partidista ofrecido por las agrupaciones de izquierda para zanjar los conflictos suscitados entre el capital y la clase trabajadora, atenuando con esto la influencia de los comunistas dentro de su gremio

¿Cómo se ha contado la historia de los ferroviarios en Chile?: Entre el relato evocador y la “tradición organizativa” de los trabajadores del riel.

The history of railroads in Chile has been attempted to build on the basis of stories and speeches that extol these workers as historical subjects. This article aims to understand and explain the factors that lead to lift this idealized image of the railway worker as a leading player in the social, political and economic development of the country. Mainly reviewing the literature dedicated to the subject, it is proposed that both this idealized image and the accompanying historical account, are based on the fact that both have been built primarily by the railroads themselves, based on their testimonies and their own memory. While the historiographic community that has tried to recreate the past of these workers, has done so with analytical and conceptual clues that highlight the material and organizational conditions of this work group, which have also in some way extolled their historical evolution.La historia de los ferroviarios en Chile se ha intentado construir sobre la base de relatos y discursos que ensalzan a estos trabajadores como sujetos históricos. Este artículo pretende entender y explicar los factores que llevan a levantar esta imagen idealizada del trabajador ferroviario como un actor preponderante en el desarrollo social, político y económico del país. Revisando principalmente la literatura dedicada al tema, se propone que tanto esta imagen idealizada como el relato histórico que la acompaña, se fundan en el hecho de que ambas han sido construidas fundamentalmente por los propios ferroviarios, en base a sus testimonios y a su propia memoria. Mientras que la comunidad historiográfica que ha intentado recrear el pasado de estos trabajadores, lo ha hecho con claves analíticas y conceptuales que resaltan las condiciones materiales y la orgánica sindical de este grupo laboral, las cuales también de cierta forma han ensalzado el devenir histórico de éstos

El paso del ferrocarril por San Bernardo: segregación social y disrupción del espacio local (1857-1957)

This article approaches the case of the passage of the railway through the city of San Bernardo, considering the spatial and historical aspects involved in the construction of this route. For this purpose, the author used historical sources from the local press and documentation from both local and national authorities, as well as from the State Railways Company. The interest in carrying out this study lies in the possibility of problematizing the idea, sometimes preconceived, of the role of development, promotion and modernity, attributed to the construction and expansion of the railroad in our country.Este artigo aborda o caso do passo da ferrovia através da cidade de São Bernardo, considerando os aspectos geográficos e históricos envolvidos na construção deste trecho. Para aquilo, foi necessário recorrer a fontes históricas emanadas da imprensa local e da documentação procedente tanto das autoridades locais como do país, assim também da Empresa Ferroviária do Estado. O interesse deste estudo reside na possibilidade de problematizar sobre a ideia, por vezes, preconcebida, o papel do desenvolvimento, fomento e modernidade atribuído à construção e ampliação do transporte ferroviário no nosso país.Este artículo aborda el caso del paso del ferrocarril por la ciudad de San Bernardo, considerando los aspectos espaciales e históricos involucrados en la construcción de este trazado. Para ello se recurrió a fuentes históricas emanadas de la prensa local y de la documentación procedente tanto de las autoridades locales como a nivel país, así también de la Empresa de Ferrocarriles del Estado. El interés por realizar este estudio radica en la posibilidad de problematizar respecto a la idea, a veces preconcebida, del rol de desarrollo, fomento y modernidad atribuido a la construcción y expansión del ferrocarril en nuestro país