Density and reproductive characteristics of female brown bears in the Cantabrian Mountains, NW Spain

Here we present annual nearest-neighbour distances (as a proxy of density) between females with cubs-of-the-year (hereafter FCOY) and reproductive characteristics of brown bears Ursus arctos in the Cantabrian Mountains (NW Spain), from 1989 to 2017. FCOY nearest-neighbour distances and reproduction parameters of 19 focal females followed over several consecutive years (from 2004 to 2017) were obtained from bears inhabiting the western sector of the Cantabrian Mountains, where most of the bear population resides. In contrast, general reproductive characteristics were studied in the whole Cantabrian Mountains (western and eastern sectors together) on a sample of 362 litter sizes and 695 cubs. Mean nearest-neighbour distance between FCOY was 2559 ± 1222 m (range = 1305–4757 m). Mean litter size was significantly larger in the west (1.8 ± 0.2 cubs) than in the east (1.3 ± 0.6 cubs). Mean litter size for the whole of the Cantabrian Mountains was 1.6 ± 0.3 cubs. Litter sizes of one, two and three cubs represented 33.4, 56.1 and 10.5% of observed family groups, respectively. Interannual variations in litter size were not significant for both the western and the eastern areas. Mean cub mortality was 0.2 ± 0.5 cubs and did not vary among years. Cub mortality per litter size was 3.9% for one cub, 69.2% for two cubs and 26.9% for three cubs. Mean reproductive rate of the 19 focal females was 1.5 ± 0.6 cubs (n = 58 litters). Litter size of focal FCOY did not differ from the litter size obtained from systematic observations in the whole Cantabrian Mountains. During this period, cub mortality occurred in 24.1% of the 58 litters. Females usually bred every second year (average litter interval = 2.2 years). The estimated reproductive rate for the bear population was 0.7 young born/year/reproductive adult female

Metastatic prostate adenocarcinoma penis: Case report

Objective: Describe a case report of a patient with prostatic adenocarcinoma metastatic to penis due to shortage reports of similar cases to perform a literature review. Methods: We identified a case of a patient with prostatic adenocarcinoma, who during de the course of a cystoscopy at Hospital Universitario San Jose (Third-level Public Hospital in Popayan, Colombia) a suspicious nodule of malignancy was observed in the penis. We described the clinical case in order to proceed to a literature search for the discussion. Results: 72-year-old patient diagnosed with prostatic adenocarcinoma Gleason Score 4+5=9, treated with bilateral orchiectomy and a suspicious nodule of malignancy incidentally observed in the penis, currently undergoing palliative care with Karnofsky score of 30 points. Conclusion: cutaneous metastases are rare; indicate longstanding disease and poor prognosis

Recurrence of COVID-19 infection in inmunitized Health personnel

La recurrencia de la COVID-19, no está muy bien determinada en la actualidad, las probabilidades de reactivación viral, nueva infección o infección por una nueva cepa son las estudiadas al momento. El objetivo fue identificar la recurrencia de infección por SARS CoV-2, grupo sanguíneo y tipo de vacuna en pacientes inmunizados para la COVID-19. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo con resultados de encuestas dirigidas a población general de un grupo de redes sociales. Se creó una base de datos en Microsoft Excel 2016, se procesó con SPSS 25, se calcularon frecuencias y porcentajes de variables cualitativas y cuantitativas. Se encontró que la recurrencia de la COVID-19 fue del 6,30% de la muestra estudiada, con el 3,6% de frecuencia en personas con tipo de sangre O Rh+. Es importante la protocolización de atención a pacientes con COVID-19 para pacientes inmunizados con la finalidad de identificar de forma oportuna las características clínicas, demográficas y complementarias laboratoriales con la finalidad de identificar las recurrencias de infección por SARS CoV-2.The recurrence of COVID-19 is not very well determined at present, the probabilities of viral reactivation, new infection or infection by a new strain are those studied now. The objective was to identify the recurrence of SARS CoV-2 infection, blood group and type of vaccine in patients immunized for COVID-19. A descriptive study was carried out with the results of surveys directed at the general population of a group of social networks. A database was created in Microsoft Excel 2016, it was processed with SPSS 25, frequencies and percentages of qualitative and quantitative variables were calculated. It was found that the recurrence of COVID-19 was 6.30% of the sample studied, with 3.6% frequency in people with blood type O Rh +. The protocolization of care for patients with COVID-19 for immunized patients is important to identify in a timely manner the clinical, demographic and complementary laboratory characteristics to identify recurrences of infection by SARS CoV-2

New variants of SARS-CoV-2

The emergence and spread of new variants of SARS-CoV-2 has produced enormous interest due to their possible implication in the improved transmissibility of the virus, their consequences in the individual evolution of the infection, as well as in the possible escape from the immunity generated by the current vaccines. The variants that attract most attention are those of public health concern, including B.1.1.7 (UK), P.1 (Brazilian) and B.1.351 (South African). This list is extended by the variants of interest that emerge and are expanding in certain countries but are found sporadically in others, such as B.1.427 and B.1.429 (Californians) or B.1.617 (Indian). Whole genome sequencing or strategies specifically targeting the spicule gene are used in the microbiology laboratories for characterization and detection. The number of infected individuals, the sanitary situation of each country, epidemiological measures and vaccination strategies influence its dispersion and new variants are expected to emerge. This emergence can only be avoided today by increasing the vaccinated population in all countries and by not relaxing epidemiological containment measures. It is not excluded that in the future it will be necessary to revaccinate against new variants.post-print186 K

COVID-19: Some unresolved issues

Two years after the COVID-19 pandemic, many uncertainties persist about the causal agent, the disease and its future. This document contains the reflection of the COVID-19 working group of the Official College of Physicians of Madrid (ICOMEM) in relation to some questions that remain unresolved. The document includes considerations on the origin of the virus, the current indication for diagnostic tests, the value of severity scores in the onset of the disease and the added risk posed by hypertension or dementia. We also discuss the possibility of deducing viral behavior from the examination of the structure of the complete viral genome, the future of some drug associations and the current role of therapeutic resources such as corticosteroids or extracorporeal oxygenation (ECMO). We review the scarce existing information on the reality of COVID 19 in Africa, the uncertainties about the future of the pandemic and the status of vaccines, and the data and uncertainties about the long-term pulmonary sequelae of those who suffered severe pneumonia.post-print462 K

Actions and attitudes on the immunized patients against SARS-CoV-2

The access to COVID vaccines by millions of human beings and their high level of protection against the disease, both in its mild and severe forms, together with a plausible decrease in the transmission of the infection from vaccinated patients, has prompted a series of questions from the members of the College of Physicians of Madrid (ICOMEM) and the society. The ICOMEM Scientific Committee on this subject has tried to answer these questions after discussion and consensus among its members. The main answers can be summarized as follows: The occurrence of new SARS-CoV-2 infections in both vaccinated and previously infected patients is very low, in the observation time we already have. When breakthrough infections do occur, they are usually asymptomatic or mild and, purportedly, should have a lower capacity for transmission to other persons. Vaccinated subjects who have contact with a SARS-CoV-2 infected patient can avoid quarantine as long as they are asymptomatic, although this decision depends on variables such as age, occupation, circulating variants, degree of contact and time since vaccination. In countries with a high proportion of the population vaccinated, it is already suggested that fully vaccinated persons could avoid the use of masks and social distancing in most circumstances. Systematic use of diagnostic tests to assess the immune response or the degree of protection against reinfection after natural infection or vaccination is discouraged, since their practical consequences are not known at this time. The existing information precludes any precision regarding a possible need for future revaccination. This Committee considers that when mass vaccination of health care workers and the general population is achieved, SARS-CoV-2 screening tests could be avoided at least in out-patient care and in the case of exploratory procedures that do not require hospitalizatio

¿Quiénes gobiernan los municipios mexiquenses?

El objetivo general de la obra es explicar quiénes son los presidentes municipales del Estado de México. Se busca analizar el perfil profesional de los presidentes y presidentas municipales, a partir de su preparación académica, perfil profesional y experiencia político-administrativa. En este libro además del nivel académico y profesional, se busca profundizar en la experiencia, trayectoria social y competencias adquiridas y mostradas en el desempeño de aquellas personas que ocupan el cargo de presidente municipal. Un valor agregado de esta obra consiste en enfocarse tanto en alcaldes de los grandes centros de la entidad (Zona Metropolitana de la Ciudad de México y del Valle de Toluca), como de las localidades ubicadas en regiones alejadas de los polos urbanos y de desarrollo económico. Se busca abordar todas las problemáticas y particularidades del Estado de México, por lo que se seleccionarán localidades claves en las distintas regiones; los criterios serán de tipo económico, social, cultural y político (densidad de población, partidos gobernantes, alternancia, gobernabilidad, género y desarrollo urbano). El estudio se justifica por la necesidad de relacionar planteamientos teóricos vinculados, que se han tratado por separado, nos referimos a la profesionalización y al desempeño gubernamental del presidente municipal. Se trata de aclarar aspectos fundamentales del cargo de mayor jerarquía en el nivel municipal, revelar certezas sobre su formación, preparación y experiencia para ocupar y desempañar un cargo de autoridad política, dotado de competencias de dirección, organización y toma de decisiones en la administración local. En cuanto al tratamiento de la problemática, si agregamos a la naturaleza del cargo del alcalde, las constantes alternancias que se han presentado en las últimas décadas, podemos entender por qué la preparación, perfil y experiencia del alcalde es de suma importancia. El presidente municipal que accede al poder por un partido distinto al que estaba gobernando, teóricamente suele mostrar diferencias positivas en su desempeño, con decisiones más adecuadas a los problemas y buscando siempre el bien común; por ello es relevante conocer y explicar si la experiencia y el perfil profesional del alcalde se relaciona con su desempeño. Este es un estudio de caso, pues nos centramos en el presidente municipal, quien es la máxima autoridad política en las localidades mexiquenses. Debido a que nos ocuparemos del perfil profesional, preparación, experiencia política y administrativa de los alcaldes mexiquenses, el enfoque teórico de partida es el de la Profesionalización, en tanto que se considera que en la medida en que haya una mejor formación y capacitación en las tareas de gobierno, en esa medida se posibilita mejor la ejecución de decisiones que benefician a la sociedad y se vislumbrará, así, un mejor gobierno.Miguel Ángel Sánchez Ramo

Vacunación anti-COVID-19: la realidad tras los ensayos clínicos.

Tras el comienzo de la vacunación frente a SARS-CoV-2, se está acumulando ya suficiente experiencia clínica, en el mundo real y fuera de los ensayos clínicos, para resolver algunas de las cuestiones que siguen pendientes sobre este problema. El Comité Científico sobre COVID-19 del Colegio de Médicos de Madrid ha discutido y revisado algunos de estos temas con una aproximación multidisciplinar. El documento que sigue es un intento de responder a algunas de dichas cuestiones con la información disponible hasta el momento. Este documento se ha estructurado en preguntas sobre distintos aspectos de las indicaciones, eficacia y tolerancia de la vacunación anti- COVID-19.post-print214 K