ETNOMODELAGEM EM SALAS DE AULA ATRAVÉS DOS QUILTS DA LIBERDADE

The mathematical practices of members of different cultural groups can be translated and understood through the study of Ethnomodelling. The understanding of emic, etic, and dialogical approaches is essential for a coherent translation of local mathematical practices developed by group members. Ethnomodels can be a valuable tool in the appreciation, explanation and understanding of mathematical knowledge brought by different cultural groups. This article seeks to exemplify and theorize the practice of ethnomodelling in the classroom, demonstrating that it is possible to use mathematics in different creative ways by using African cultural artifacts called Freedom Quilts, demonstrating one of the mathematical properties present in the Shoo Fly Quilt.Las prácticas matemáticas de los miembros de diferentes grupos culturales se pueden traducir y comprender a través del estudio de la Etnomodelación. La comprensión de las abordajes émica, ética y dialógica es esencial para una traducción coherente de las prácticas matemáticas locales desarrolladas por los miembros de estos grupos. Los etnomodelos son fundamentales para la apreciación, explicación y comprensión de los conocimientos matemáticos aportados por diferentes grupos culturales. Este artículo busca ejemplificar y teorizar la práctica de la Etnomodelación en el aula, demostrando que es posible utilizar las matemáticas de diferentes formas creativas utilizando artefactos culturales africanos llamados Quilts de la Libertad, demostrando una de las propiedades matemáticas presentes en el Quilt Shoo Fly.As práticas matemáticas dos membros de grupos culturais distintos podem ser traduzidas e entendidas através do estudo da Etnomodelagem. O entendimento das abordagens êmica, ética e dialógica são essenciais para uma tradução coerente de práticas matemáticas locais desenvolvidas pelos membros desses grupos. Os etnomodelos são instrumentos essenciais para a valorização, explicação e entendimento do conhecimento matemático trazido por diferentes grupos culturais. O presente artigo busca exemplificar e teorizar a prática da etnomodelagem em sala de aula, demonstrando que é possível ensinar matemática de diferentes formas criativas utilizando artefatos culturais africanos chamados de Quilts da Liberdade, demonstrando uma das propriedades matemáticas presentes no Quilt da Liberdade Shoo Fly

Sinonasal Osteosarcoma in a Horse

Background: Osteosarcomas are common malignant bone tumors described in dogs, humans and cats. However, there are rare reports in horses. The tumor etiology has not been fully elucidated. Clinical signs are associated to the tumor size, location and growth characteristics. When located on the face, the most common findings are facial distortion, nasal discharge and inspiratory dyspnea. The aim of this study was to report an osteoblastic osteosarcoma in a horse, located on the right maxillary region with projections into the corresponding nostril.Case: A 6-year-old mixbreed saddle gelding, presenting bay coat was admitted to a University Hospital with a chronic sinusitis history. The animal was previously examined and treated by other veterinarians, who suspected of odontogenic maxillary sinusitis, and therefore a repulsion of the fourth premolar from the right maxilla hemiarcade was performed. However, an improvement of the clinical signs was not observed and subsequently the gelding was referred to a Veterinary Hospital. During physical examination the patient presented dyspnea, tachypnea and tachycardia. An increase on the face size was observed, together with a fetid and purulent nasal discharge. During oral cavity inspection, a diagonal wear was detected at the occlusal surface of the right hemiarcade; food accumulation was seen at the dental extraction site, and a communication with the rostral maxillary sinus was evidenced, from where a purulent fetid discharge was draining. At the radiographic exam, well defined margins of a tumor were observed, with adjacent bone lysis and the presence of a central nucleus showing a gross granular mineral radiopacity, distorting the frontal and nasal bones. During the endoscopic exam, a mass was partially occluding the right nasal cavity close to the nasal opening, which was blocking the progression of the endoscopy. However, during the left cavity inspection, at the end of the nasal septum a mass with irregular surface was detected emerging from the border of the right choana, which extended up to the nasopharynx region. The diagnosis was established based on clinical evaluation and histopathological findings of the tumor, which confirmed osteoblastic osteosarcoma. The animal was euthanized due to poor clinical conditions and prognosis. There was no evidence of metastasis to other organs during necropsy.Discussion: The majority of reported osteosarcoma cases in horses do not define the tumor histopathological subtype. The occurrence of metastasis in equine osteosarcoma is not well established, however it seems to be uncommon. It is important to emphasize the relevance of performing a necropsy in patients presenting osteosarcoma, in order to establish a pattern concerning the metastasis incidence in the species. The predominant osteosarcoma location is the mandible, although there are few reports in the paranasal sinuses and appendicular skeleton. The tumor usual location makes the treatment difficult because of the impossibility of performing a complete surgical resection, which leads to a euthanasia decision. Although osteosarcoma has been little reported in horses, it should be a differential diagnosis for facial alterations and paranasal sinuses abnormalities, which would contribute to an early diagnosis and increase the chances of a favorable prognostic

Pathological findings of post-anesthetic myopathy associated with type 1 polysaccharide storage myopathy in a Percheron horse

Background: Post-anesthetic myopathy is the most common complication associated with general anesthesia in horses. Polysaccharide storage myopathy (PSSM) is characterized by an abnormal accumulation of glycogen and glycogen-related polysaccharides in the skeletal muscle, which is categorized in type 1 (PSSM1) and type 2 (PSSM2). The purpose of this study is to report the clinical, pathological and molecular findings in a Percheron mare with post-anesthetic myopathy associated with a PSSM1. Case: A 9-year-old Percheron mare was submitted to a caesarean section due to clinical dystocia during labor. Xylazine was employed during pre-anesthesia, followed by induction with ketamine and diazepam, while anesthetic maintenance was obtained with isoflurane. The mare showed good recovery, however 24 h later, sternal recumbency and hyperthermia (41° C) were observed. The mare was euthanized, and a necropsy was performed. Samples of multiple tissues were collected and routinely processed for histology. At necropsy, segments of skeletal muscles had bilateral pale areas. The kidneys had old and recent infarcts. The heart had whitish areas in the myocardium. The brain showed focally extensive reddish areas, with flattening of gyri. Histologically, skeletal muscle fibers had in the sarcoplasm multiple homogeneous globular clear eosinophilic formations, in addition to mild hyaline necrosis. In the heart and in the kidney, there were extensive areas of acute coagulative necrosis. The brain showed marked multifocal fibrinoid degeneration of vessels and hemorrhage. Refrigerated liver samples were submitted to DNA extraction to detect mutations in the GYS1 (type 1 PSSM) and RyR1 genes (malignant hyperthermia). A positive result for a homozygous dominant mutation in GYS1 (type 1 PSSM) was observed, while the mutation responsible for malignant hyperthermia was not identified Discussion: The diagnosis of post-anesthetic myopathy associated with PSSM was obtained by the presence of amylase resistant polysaccharide complex inclusions, glycogen subsarcolemmal aggregates, and central cytoplasmic corpuscles containing glycogen through PAS-amylase resistant histochemical technique, associated to the myopathy microscopical features. Microscopic findings were related to clinical history, and the diagnosis of PSSM underlying post-anesthetic myopathy was determined. The predisposition of the Percheron horse has been described as an inherited predisposition leading to PSSM susceptibility, as was observed in the present case. We speculated that the anesthetic procedure resulted in the precipitation of the drug and a presentation of an acute anesthetic myopathy, while the muscle damage most likely occurred due to the ischemia caused by systemic hypotension. In addition to these lesions, other lesions were considered related to the use of the anesthetics, which may predispose to vasculogenic injuries. This horse was diagnosed as being homozygous dominant for the GYS1 gene, which causes a gain-offunction and results in glycogenolysis with glycogen accumulation in myofibers. Horses that are homozygous for the GYS1 gene may exhibit more severe histological changes in the skeletal muscle fibers, such as necrosis, anisocytosis, endomysial fibrosis, and fatty infiltration In PSSM, there is a bilateral involvement of the skeletal muscles with areas of degeneration of whitish or greyish coloration, as well as pale muscle with whitish streaks due to coagulative necrosis and edema. In our study, we observed bilateral skeletal muscle lesions and cardiomyocyte necrosis. Post-anesthetic myopathy, along with skeletal muscle lesions, may predispose to vasculogenic injuries, with kidney and brain lesions in horses. Dominant homozygosis for the GYS1 gene with consequent PSSM1 disease probably aggravated the condition in this Percheron, with more severe histological muscular lesions. Our study should bring attention to the use of anesthetics in horses with PSSM1, especially in the Percheron breed

Equine poisoning by coffee husk (Coffea arabica L.)

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>In Brazil, coffee (<it>Coffea arabica</it>) husks are reused in several ways due to their abundance, including as stall bedding. However, field veterinarians have reported that horses become intoxicated after ingesting the coffee husks that are used as bedding. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether coffee husk consumption causes intoxication in horses.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Six horses fed coast cross hay <it>ad libitum </it>were given access to coffee husks and excitability, restlessness, involuntary muscle tremors, chewing movements and constant tremors of the lips and tongue, excessive sweating and increased respiration and heart rates were the most evident clinical signs. Caffeine levels were measured in the plasma and urine of these horses on two occasions: immediately before the coffee husks were made available to the animals (T0) and at the time of the clinical presentation of intoxication, 56 h after the animals started to consume the husks (T56). The concentrations of caffeine in the plasma (p < 0.001) and urine (p < 0.001) of these animals were significantly greater at T56 than at T0.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>It was concluded that consumption of coffee husks was toxic to horses due to the high levels of caffeine present in their composition. Therefore, coffee husks pose a risk when used as bedding or as feed for horses.</p

Uso de placa de polimetilmetacrilato (pmma) no tratamento de craniosquise associada à meningocele em uma bezerra girolando: relato de caso

A maioria das doenças genéticas acometem animais de raça pura e herdados como genes recessivos. A craniosquise refere-se à disrafia, que acontece na linha média do crânio pelo não fechamento da sínfise craniana, podendo levar a herniação das meninges repletas de líquido cefalorraquidiano (meningocele), onde geralmente existe projeção do tecido meningeal. O diagnóstico é realizado a partir do exame clínico, dados anatomopatológicos característicos e através da realização de exames complementares de imagem. Como solução terapêutica, a abordagem cirúrgica para correção das craniosquises é a única descrita, e é indicada em casos em que o defeito de síntese craniana não permita a protrusão encefálica e exista a ocorrência apenas da meningocele, além da inexistência de sinais graves de alteração neurológica. O artigo relata um caso de uso de placa de polimetilmetacrilato (PMMA) no tratamento de craniosquise associada à meningocele em uma bezerra Girolando. Instituiu-se a abertura cirúrgica da saculação fronto-nasal, permitindo a drenagem de conteúdo líquido total de 488 mL, inspeção e rafia de membrana envoltória. Para recobrimento da abertura óssea fronto-nasal evidenciada, utilizou-se uma placa de polimetilmetacrilato (PMMA), moldada à superfície óssea e ancorada em tecido mole adjacente. Concluiu-se que, apesar do prognóstico desfavorável da enfermidade, a cirurgia de cranioplastia para tratamento de craniosquise associada à meningocele, com a utilização de placa de PMMA, neste caso, obteve resultados satisfatórios em relação a qualidade e manutenção da vida deste animal, avaliando-se em 19 meses pós-operatório. Palavras-chave: cimento ósseo; defeito congênito; malformação; ruminantes

Indução experimental de polioencefalomalacia em ovinos confinados ingerindo dieta com alto teor de enxofre

Em ovinos o excesso de enxofre na dieta é apontado como uma das principais causas de polioencefalomalacia (PEM). Na literatura nacional relatos de PEM induzida por enxofre em ovinos são escassos. O objetivo desta dissertação foi induzir PEM em ovinos fornecendo uma dieta rica em carboidratos e com diferentes níveis de enxofre e realizar avaliações clínicas e laboratoriais. Foram utilizados 18 ovinos divididos em três grupos (G1, G2 e G3) que receberam diferentes níveis de enxofre na dieta 0,2%, 0,9% e 1,2% respectivamente. Exames clínicos (frequência cardíaca, frequência respiratória, temperatura retal e motricidade ruminal) e laboratoriais (concentração de sulfeto de hidrogênio ruminal, hemogasometria venosa, pH do fluído ruminal, concentração de cobre sérico e hepático, tomografia computadorizada, necropsia e histopatológico) foram realizados em diferentes momentos. A temperatura retal, hemogasometria venosa e pH do fluido ruminal estavam dentro dos valores de referência para a espécie. Taquicardia e taquipnéia foram observadas nos três grupos. A motricidade ruminal estava diminuída nos grupos G2 e G3 em relação ao G1. Quanto maior a ingestão de enxofre, menor foram os níveis de cobre sérico e hepático detectados nos ovinos. Elevados valores de sulfeto de hidrogênio foram detectados nos grupos G2 e G3. Nenhum animal apresentou sinais clínicos de PEM. Na tomografia computadorizada, necropsia e exame histopatológico do sistema nervoso central, nenhuma alteração compatível com PEM foi observada. É provável que algum outro fator pode estar associado ao excesso de enxofre na dieta para que os ovinos desenvolvam PEMThe excess sulfur intake in sheep is described as major cause of polioencephalomalacia (PEM). In the national literature are scarce reports of sulfur induced PEM in sheep. This work aimed to feed sheep using a rich carbohydrate diet supplemented with different levels of sulfur in order to induce PEM, and to perform clinical and laboratory tests. Eighteen sheep were divided into three groups (G1, G2, and G3) and supplemented with 0.2%, 0.9% and 1.2% sulfur in diet, respectively. Clinical evaluation (i.e., heart rate, respiratory rate, rectal temperature and rumen motility) and laboratory exams (i.e., ruminal hydrogen sulfide concentration, venous gas analysis, ruminal pH, serum and liver copper concentration, computed axial tomography, necropsy, and histopathological examination) were performed. Rectal temperature, venous gas and ruminal pH were within normal limits. Tachycardia and tachypnea were observed in the three groups. Rumen motility was decreased in groups G2 and G3 when compared with G1. The higher the sulfur intake, the lower the serum and liver levels of copper. Increased ruminal hydrogen sulfide concentration was detected in G2 and G3. None of the animals had clinical signs of PEM. Computed axial tomography, necropsy, and histopathological examination of the central nervous system showed no evidence of PEM. It is thought that other factors are associated with excessive sulfur consumption for a PEM outbreak to occur in sheepFundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP

Prevalência de equinos quarto de milha portadores das mutações causadoras da miopatia por acúmulo de polissacarídeo tipo 1, paralisia periódica hipercalêmica e hipertermia maligna no Brasil

Type 1 polysaccharide storage myopathy (PSSM1), hyperkalemic periodic paralysis (HYPP) and malignant hyperthermia (MH) are considered major genetic diseases identified in Quarter Horses (QH). In Brazil, the molecular test for PSSM1 and MH is not available and the prevalence of both diseases is not known. Regarding HYPP, information about the disease prevalence is limited, although a molecular test is available in the country. The aim of this study was to standardize a molecular test for PSSM1, HYPP and MH, as well as to evaluate the diseases’ prevalence in Brazilian QM. Blood DNA from 741 horses were used and genetic tests for the three diseases were standardized. Samples were sequenced to identify the mutation on GYS1 gene, responsible for the PSSM; on SCN4A gene, responsible for HYPP; and on RYR1 gene, responsible for MH. The prevalence obtained was 6.7% for PSSM1, 4.2% for HYPP and no positive results were found for MH. The results indicate the importance of PSSM1 and HYPP in QM in Brazil. Tests standardization would be useful for the diagnosis of PSSM1 and MH. The identification of positive animals for PSSM1, HYPP and MH would assist on the mating selections and thus reduce the occurrence of these diseasesEntre as principais enfermidades genéticas identificadas nos equinos da raça Quarto de Milha (QM) estão a miopatia por acúmulo de polissacarídeo 1 (PSSM1), a paralisia periódica hipercalêmica (HYPP) e a hipertermia maligna (HM). No Brasil o teste molecular para a PSSM1 e para HM não está disponível e tampouco se conhece sobre a prevalência destas enfermidades, enquanto que, para HYPP apesar do teste estar disponível no país, informações sobre sua prevalência são escassos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi padronizar o teste para PSSM1, HYPP e HM e estudar a prevalência destas enfermidades em cavalos da raça QM no Brasil. Foram utilizados DNA sanguíneo de 741 cavalos. O teste genético para as três enfermidades foi padronizado e as amostras sequenciadas para identificação da mutação no gene GYS1 responsável pela PSSM1, no gene SCN4A responsável pela HYPP e no gene RYR1 responsável pela HM. A prevalência da PSSM1 foi de 6,7%, da HYPP de 4,2% e não foram encontrados animais com a mutação responsável pela HM. Os resultados alertam para a importância da PSSM1 e da HYPP nos cavalos QM no Brasil. A padronização dos testes será útil para o diagnóstico da PSSM1 e da HM. Identificar os animais positivos para PSSM1, HYPP e HM irá auxiliar na escolha dos acasalamentos e será importante para minimizar a ocorrência destas enfermidadesFundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP