Očne virusne bolesti u kralješnjaka

Several viruses are able to infect eyes and ocular adnexa of vertebrates. Considering the variety of cells and tissues comprising eyes and adnexa, viruses have multiple opportunities to colonize them and to induce a pathologic effect. This also varies depending on the animal species, age, immune status, virus species and type. Viruses may target conjunctival, glandular, corneal and/or retinal epithelium, endothelium, myocytes and pericytes, retinal and optic nerve neurons, fibers and glial cells, and lymphocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells of lymphoid follicles. Cell injury can be induced by direct cytopathic effect or via inflammatory mediator release and/or protelytic enzymes released by inflammatory cells or the injury may result from the intraparietal vascular deposition of antigen antibody complexes and following complement activation. In fetuses and youngsters some agents are able to induce various degrees of ocular dysplasia. Immunodeficiency viruses favor the colonization and growth of other agents such as other viruses, bacteria, protozoa and mycetes. Leukemia oncornaviruses can cause neoplastic lymphocytic infiltration of eyes and adnexa. This review includes viruses able to affect multiple species of vertebrates, and others specific to ruminants, horses, pigs, marsupials, dogs, cats, minks, rabbits, rats, birds and fish. Herpesvirus, arterivirus, orbivirus, paramyxovirus, morbillivirus, nodavirus, pestivirus, asfivirus, orthomyxovirus, retrovirus, lentivirus, adenovirus, calicivirus, coronavirus, reovirus and prions are discusses. Zoonotic agents include influenza orthomyxoviruses, Newcastle disease paramyxovirus, rabies rhabdovirus, transmissible bovine spongiform encephalopathy prion, simian immunodeficiency lentivirus, cercopithecine herpesvirus 1 and perhaps Borna disease virus. Anthropozoonoses include human measles morbillivirus and herpes simplex virus.Više virusa može izazvati infekciju oka i očnih adneksa kod kralješnjaka. S obzirom na raznolikost stanica i tkiva koja sačinjavaju oči i adnekse virusi imaju mnogostruke prilike za njihovo koloniziranje i izazivanje patološkog učinka. Tu postoje razlike ovisno o životinjskoj vrsti, dobi, imunom statusu, te vrsti i tipu virusa. Virusi mogu ciljati konjunktivni, žljezdani, rožnični i/ili mrežnični epitel, endotel, miocite i pericite, neurone mrežnice i očnog živca, vlakna i glijalne stanice, te limfocite, makrofage i dendritske stanice limfoidnih folikula. Stanično oštećenje može biti izazvano izravnim citopatskim učinkom ili putem oslobađanja upalnih posrednika i/ili proteolitskih enzima što ih oslobađaju upalne stanice, ili pak oštećenje može biti posljedica intraparijetalnog vaskularnog odlaganja kompleksa antigena protutijela i susljednog aktiviranja komplementa. Kod fetusa i mladunčadi neki uzročnici mogu izazvati različit stupanj očne displazije. Virusi imunodeficijencije potiču kolonizaciju i rast drugih uzročnika, kao što su drugi virusi, bakterije, protozoe i micete. Onkornavirusi leukemije mogu uzrokovati neoplastičnu limfocitičnu infiltraciju očiju i adneksa. Ovaj pregledni članak obuhvaća viruse koji mogu zahvatiti više vrsta kralješnjaka, kao i one specifične za preživače, konje, svinje, tobolčare, pse, mačke, kune, kuniće, štakore, ptice i ribe. Rasprava obuhvaća herpervirus, arterivirus, orbivirus, paramiksovirus, morbilivirus, nodavirus, pestivirus, asfivirus, ortomiksovirus, retrovirus, lentivirus, adenovirus, kalicivirus, koronavirus, reovirus i prione. Zoonotski uzročnici uključuju ortomiksoviruse gripe, paramiksovirus newcastleske bolesti, rabdovirus bjesnoće, prion prenosive goveđe spongiformne encefalopatije, lentivirus majmunske imunodeficijencije, herpesvirus 1 cerkopitekusa i možda virus Borna bolesti. Antropozoonoze uključuju humani morbilivirus ospica i virus herpes simpleks

Zoonotic Dermatitides

Zoonoses are those diseases and infections which are naturally transmitted between vertebrate animals and man. Viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, helminthes and arthropods can be transmitted directly or indirectly from animals to humans. A restricted number of agents are able to cause skin disease. The etiologic agent can be passively transmitted to the human host or can be actively inoculated in the skin with bites and scratches or arthropod bite. Although all humans are at risk for these skin diseases, some job categories are associated with greater exposure. Immunodeficient human patients are at particular risk of infection by zoonotic agents and, for them, the outcome can be easily fatal. Here we described the lesions caused by zoonotic agents able to induce dermatitis in humans

Single-cell imaging of α and β cell metabolic response to glucose in living human Langerhans islets

Here we use a combination of two-photon Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy (FLIM) of NAD(P)H free/bound ratio in living HIs with post-fixation, immunofluorescence-based, cell-type identification. FLIM allowed to measure variations in the NAD(P)H free/bound ratio induced by glucose; immunofluorescence data allowed to identify single α and β cells; finally, matching of the two datasets allowed to assign metabolic shifts to cell identity. 312 α and 654 β cells from a cohort of 4 healthy donors, 15 total islets, were measured. Both α and β cells display a wide spectrum of responses, towards either an increase or a decrease in NAD(P)H free/bound ratio. Yet, if single-cell data are averaged according to the respective donor and correlated to donor insulin secretion power, a non-random distribution of metabolic shifts emerges: robust average responses of both α and β cells towards an increase of enzyme-bound NAD(P)H belong to the donor with the lowest insulin-secretion power; by contrast, discordant responses, with α cells shifting towards an increase of free NAD(P)H and β cells towards an increase of enzyme-bound NAD(P)H, correspond to the donor with the highest insulin-secretion power. Overall, data reveal neat anti-correlation of tissue metabolic responses with respect to tissue insulin secretion power

Equine Arteritis Virus Has Specific Tropism for Stromal Cells and CD8\u3csup\u3e+\u3c/sup\u3e T and CD21\u3csup\u3e+\u3c/sup\u3e B Lymphocytes but Not for Glandular Epithelium at the Primary Site of Persistent Infection in the Stallion Reproductive Tract

Equine arteritis virus (EAV) has a global impact on the equine industry as the causative agent of equine viral arteritis (EVA), a respiratory, systemic, and reproductive disease of equids. A distinctive feature of EAV infection is that it establishes long-term persistent infection in 10 to 70% of infected stallions (carriers). In these stallions, EAV is detectable only in the reproductive tract, and viral persistence occurs despite the presence of high serum neutralizing antibody titers. Carrier stallions constitute the natural reservoir of the virus as they continuously shed EAV in their semen. Although the accessory sex glands have been implicated as the primary sites of EAV persistence, the viral host cell tropism and whether viral replication in carrier stallions occurs in the presence or absence of host inflammatory responses remain unknown. In this study, dual immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence techniques were employed to unequivocally demonstrate that the ampulla is the main EAV tissue reservoir rather than immunologically privileged tissues (i.e., testes). Furthermore, we demonstrate that EAV has specific tropism for stromal cells (fibrocytes and possibly tissue macrophages) and CD8+ T and CD21+ B lymphocytes but not glandular epithelium. Persistent EAV infection is associated with moderate, multifocal lymphoplasmacytic ampullitis comprising clusters of B (CD21+) lymphocytes and significant infiltration of T (CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, and CD25+) lymphocytes, tissue macrophages, and dendritic cells (Iba-1+ and CD83+), with a small number of tissue macrophages expressing CD163 and CD204 scavenger receptors. This study suggests that EAV employs complex immune evasion mechanisms that warrant further investigation

Microsatellite and RAS/RAF Mutational Status as Prognostic Factors in Colorectal Peritoneal Metastases Treated with Cytoreductive Surgery and Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy (HIPEC)

Background Cytoreductive surgery (CRS) with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) leads to prolonged survival for selected patients with colorectal (CRC) peritoneal metastases (PM). This study aimed to analyze the prognostic role of micro-satellite (MS) status and RAS/RAF mutations for patients treated with CRS. Methods Data were collected from 13 Italian centers with PM expertise within a collaborative group of the Italian Society of Surgical Oncology. Clinical and pathologic variables and KRAS/NRAS/BRAF mutational and MS status were correlated with overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS). Results The study enrolled 437 patients treated with CRS-HIPEC. The median OS was 42.3 months [95% confidence interval (CI), 33.4-51.2 months], and the median DFS was 13.6 months (95% CI, 12.3-14.9 months). The local (peritoneal) DFS was 20.5 months (95% CI, 16.4-24.6 months). In addition to the known clinical factors, KRAS mutations (p = 0.005), BRAF mutations (p = 0.01), and MS status (p = 0.04) were related to survival. The KRAS- and BRAF-mutated patients had a shorter survival than the wild-type (WT) patients (5-year OS, 29.4% and 26.8% vs 51.5%, respectively). The patients with micro-satellite instability (MSI) had a longer survival than the patients with micro-satellite stability (MSS) (5-year OS, 58.3% vs 36.7%). The MSI/WT patients had the best prognosis. The MSS/WT and MSI/mutated patients had similar survivals, whereas the MSS/mutated patients showed the worst prognosis (5-year OS, 70.6%, 48.1%, 23.4%; p = 0.0001). In the multivariable analysis, OS was related to the Peritoneal Cancer Index [hazard ratio (HR), 1.05 per point], completeness of cytoreduction (CC) score (HR, 2.8), N status (HR, 1.6), signet-ring (HR, 2.4), MSI/WT (HR, 0.5), and MSS/WT-MSI/mutation (HR, 0.4). Similar results were obtained for DFS. Conclusion For patients affected by CRC-PM who are eligible for CRS, clinical and pathologic criteria need to be integrated with molecular features (KRAS/BRAF mutation). Micro-satellite status should be strongly considered because MSI confers a survival advantage over MSS, even for mutated patients

The importance of a taste. A comparative study on wild food plant consumption in twenty-one local communities in Italy

A comparative food ethnobotanical study was carried out in twenty-one local communities in Italy, fourteen of which were located in Northern Italy, one in Central Italy, one in Sardinia, and four in Southern Italy. 549 informants were asked to name and describe food uses of wild botanicals they currently gather and consume. Data showed that gathering, processing and consuming wild food plants are still important activities in all the selected areas. A few botanicals were quoted and cited in multiple areas, demonstrating that there are ethnobotanical contact points among the various Italian regions (Asparagus acutifolius, Reichardia picroides, Cichorium intybus, Foeniculum vulgare, Sambucus nigra, Silene vulgaris, Taraxacum officinale, Urtica dioica, Sonchus and Valerianella spp.). One taxon (Borago officinalis) in particular was found to be among the most quoted taxa in both the Southern and the Northern Italian sites

Is Systemic Chemotherapy Useful in Patients Treated with Cytoreductive Surgery and Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy (HIPEC) for Colorectal Peritoneal Metastases? A Propensity-Score Analysis

Purpose: Multimodal treatment of colorectal (CRC) peritoneal metastases (PM) includes systemic chemotherapy (SC) and surgical cytoreduction (CRS), eventually with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC), in select patients. Considering lack of clear guidelines, this study was designed to analyze the role of chemotherapy and its timing in patients treated with CRS-HIPEC. Methods: Data from 13 Italian centers with PM expertise were collected by a collaborative group of the Italian Society of Surgical Oncology (SICO). Clinicopathological variables, SC use, and timing of administration were correlated with overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS), and local (peritoneal) DFS (LDFS) after propensity-score (PS) weighting to reduce confounding factors. Results: A total of 367 patients treated with CRS-HIPEC were included in the propensity-score weighting. Of the total patients, 19.9% did not receive chemotherapy within 6 months of surgery, 32.4% received chemotherapy before surgery (pregroup), 28.9% after (post), and 18.8% received both pre- and post-CRS-HIPEC treatment (peri). SC was preferentially administered to younger (p = 0.02) and node-positive (p = 0.010) patients. Preoperative SC is associated with increased rate of major complications (26.9 vs. 11.3%, p = 0.0009). After PS weighting, there were no differences in OS, DFS, or LDFS (p = 0.56, 0.50, and 0.17) between chemotherapy-treated and untreated patients. Considering SC timing, the post CRS-HIPEC group had a longer DFS and LDFS than the pre-group (median DFS 15.4 vs. 9.8 m, p = 0.003; median LDFS 26.3 vs. 15.8 m, p = 0.026). Conclusions: In patients with CRC-PM treated with CRS-HIPEC, systemic chemotherapy was not associated with overall survival benefit. The adjuvant schedule was related to prolonged disease-free intervals. Additional, randomized studies are required to clarify the role and timing of systemic chemotherapy in this patient subset