A pesquisa em Sistemas Integrados de Produção Agropecuária no Brasil

Integrated crop-livestock systems (ICLS) are designed to exploit synergisms and emergent properties resulting from interactions between different soil-plant-animal-atmosphere compartments that integrate themselves at different spatial-temporal scales. In this review, a panorama of the evolution of studies based on ICLS is presented. Specific keywords were used as search terms to construct a database of 450 articles from 93 national and international journals published up to and including 2013. These articles were classified according to the region of origin within Brazil (subtropical or tropical) and categorized regarding the studied components: soil, plant, animal and ‘others’. Within these components, groups of variables that could characterize the different thematic lines were listed. The number of publications worldwide has been increasing, and Brazil is one of the main suppliers of scientific work within this area. Although the number of scientific studies seeking better understanding of ICLS may have increased in Brazil, further studies with a systematic view and with larger temporal and spatial scales are still required to help identify interactions between diverse biotic and abiotic factors that define new properties that emerge from these systems.Os sistemas integrados de produção agrícola e pecuária são caracterizados como sistemas planejados para explorar sinergismos e propriedades emergentes, resultado de interações entre os diferentes compartimentos solo-plantaanimal- atmosfera, que se integram em diferentes escalas espaço-temporais. Nesta revisão é apresentado um panorama da evolução das pesquisas embasadas em uma produção integrada entre os diferentes compartimentos. Considerou-se o período até 2013 e palavras-chave como fator de busca, sendo construída uma base de dados, partindo de um universo de 450 artigos em 93 periódicos nacionais e internacionais. Estes artigos foram classificados de acordo com a região de origem do Brasil: subtropical ou tropical; e categorizados quanto aos componentes: solo, planta, animal e outros. Dentro desses componentes foram elencados grupos de variáveis que caracterizassem diferentes linhas temáticas. As publicações no mundo têm aumentado e o Brasil está entre os principais provedores de trabalhos científicos nessa área. Embora seja crescente o número de trabalhos científicos no Brasil, que buscam melhor compreensão dos sistemas integrados de produção agrícola e pecuária, as pesquisas com visão sistêmica e de maior escala temporal e espacial ainda necessitam de mais estudos, para que possam detectar interações entre os diversos fatores bióticos e abióticos e novas propriedades que emergem destes sistemas

Synergy between compost and cover crops in a Mediterranean row crop system leads to increased subsoil carbon storage

Subsoil carbon (C) stocks are a prime target for efforts to increase soil C storage for climate change mitigation. However, subsoil C dynamics are not well understood, especially in soils under long-term intensive agricultural management. We compared subsoil C storage and soil organic matter (SOM) composition in tomato-corn rotations after 25 years of differing C and nutrient management in the California Central Valley: CONV (mineral fertilizer), CONV+WCC (mineral fertilizer and cover crops), and ORG (composted poultry manure and cover crops). The cover crop mix used in these systems is a mix of oat (Avena sativa L.), faba bean (Vicia faba L.), and hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth). Our results showed a ∼19Mgha-1 increase in soil organic C (SOC) stocks down to 1m under ORG systems, no significant SOC increases under CONV+WCC or CONV systems, and an increased abundance of carboxyl-rich C in the subsoil (60-100cm) horizons of ORG and CONV+WCC systems. Our results show the potential for increased subsoil C storage with compost and cover crop amendments in tilled agricultural systems and identify potential pathways for increasing C transport and storage in subsoil layers. Copyright

The Marine Mammal Class II Major Histocompatibility Complex Organization

Sirenians share with cetaceans and pinnipeds several convergent traits selected for the aquatic lifestyle. Living in water poses new challenges not only for locomotion and feeding but also for combating new pathogens, which may render the immune system one of the best tools aquatic mammals have for dealing with aquatic microbial threats. So far, only cetaceans have had their class II Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) organization characterized, despite the importance of MHC genes for adaptive immune responses. This study aims to characterize the organization of the marine mammal class II MHC using publicly available genomes. We located class II sequences in the genomes of one sirenian, four pinnipeds and eight cetaceans using NCBI-BLAST and reannotated the sequences using local BLAST search with exon and intron libraries. Scaffolds containing class II sequences were compared using dotplot analysis and introns were used for phylogenetic analysis. The manatee class II region shares overall synteny with other mammals, however most DR loci were translocated from the canonical location, past the extended class II region. Detailed analysis of the genomes of closely related taxa revealed that this presumed translocation is shared with all other living afrotherians. Other presumptive chromosome rearrangements in Afrotheria are the deletion of DQ loci in Afrosoricida and deletion of DP in E. telfairi. Pinnipeds share the main features of dog MHC: lack of a functional pair of DPA/DPB genes and inverted DRB locus between DQ and DO subregions. All cetaceans share the Cetartiodactyla inversion separating class II genes into two subregions: class IIa, with DR and DQ genes, and class IIb, with non-classic genes and a DRB pseudogene. These results point to three distinct and unheralded class II MHC structures in marine mammals: one canonical organization but lacking DP genes in pinnipeds; one bearing an inversion separating IIa and IIb subregions lacking DP genes found in cetaceans; and one with a translocation separating the most diverse class II gene from the MHC found in afrotherians and presumptive functional DR, DQ, and DP genes. Future functional research will reveal how these aquatic mammals cope with pathogen pressures with these divergent MHC organizations

Crescimento e rendimento de grãos da aveia submetida a níveis de nitrogênio em sistema agroflorestal no subtrópico brasileiro

Orientador : Prof. Dr. Anibal de MoraesCo-orientadores : Prof. Dr. Adelino Pelissari, Prof. Dr. Francisco Skora Neto, Dr. Edilson Batista de Oliveira, Prof. Dr. Vanderley Porfírio da SilvaDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Agrárias, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agronomia. Defesa: Curitiba,29/10/2012Bibliografia: flsÁrea de concentração: Produção vegetalResumo: A adequação das práticas agronômicas tem um papel fundamental no desenvolvimento dos sistemas integrados. A hipótese deste trabalho é que a resposta da aveia aos sistemas integrados não é passível de melhoramento, portanto esta é uma cultura que não possui condições morfofisiológicas para coabitar com as árvores, no subtrópico brasileiro. O objetivo geral deste trabalho foi avaliar se a aveia (Avena sativa L. cv. IPR 126) possui características agronômicas que possibilitam o seu cultivo nos sistemas integrados com árvores, utilizando como referência, a forma de agricultura predominante no subtrópico brasileiro e como prática agronômica, a fertilização nitrogenada. O experimento foi realizado em faixas no delineamento de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições, dois níveis de nitrogênio (12 e 80 kg N ha-1) em cinco posições equidistantes entre faixas adjacentes de linhas duplas [20 m (4 m x 3 m)] de eucaliptos (Eucalyptus dunnii Maiden) em sistema agroflorestal (SAF) e agricultura tradicional em semeadura direta, no subtrópico brasileiro. As variáveis de crescimento avaliadas foram a taxa de crescimento relativo, taxa de assimilação líquida, fração de massa foliar e taxa de enchimento relativo da panícula. As características dos perfilhos avaliadas foram relação de massa seca e de grãos do colmo principal e perfilhos e número de perfilhos por planta. Na colheita as variáveis avaliadas foram o rendimento biológico e de grãos, componentes de rendimento e índice de colheita. O nitrogênio aumentou o crescimento da aveia quando semeada entre faixas de árvores, entretanto os níveis de nitrogênio alteraram o crescimento diferentemente em posições relativas às faixas adjacentes de eucalipto. A persistência do perfilhamento para produção de grãos da aveia foi dependente do nível de nitrogênio em distâncias relativas as faixas de eucaliptos no SAF. Houve compensação do menor número de cariopses por panícula pelo maior número de grãos por cariopse, assim como maior índice de colheita aonde a aveia acumulou menor fitomassa, nos ambientes com alta interação interespecífica. O nitrogênio promoveu mudança na produção da aveia diferentemente em posições relativas às árvores no sistema integrado. O crescimento e rendimento da aveia em SAF pode ser incrementada através da fertilização nitrogenada. As variáveis que descrevem o crescimento, o perfilhamento e o rendimento de grãos da aveia interagem com os níveis de nitrogênio e as posições relativas as árvores dentro do SAF, portanto diferentes níveis de nitrogênio devem ser utilizados nas posições, para aumentar o potencial de rendimento da aveia nos sistemas integrados.Abstract: The adequacy of agronomic practices plays a key role in the development of integrated systems. The hypothesis of this work is that the oat (Avena sativa L. cv. IPR 126) response to the arborized integrated systems is not amenable to improvement through agronomic practices; therefore it is a crop which has not morphophysiological conditions for cohabitate with trees, in subtropical Brazil. The general objective was evaluate if the oat has agronomic characteristics which allow its cultivation in the arborized integrated systems, using as reference the predominant agriculture form in subtropical Brazil and as agronomic practice, the nitrogen fertilization. The experiment was carried out in a split-block randomized block design with four replicates, two nitrogen levels, in five equidistant positions between two adjacent eucalyptus (Eucalyptus dunnii Maiden) double line tracks [20 m (4 m x 3 m)] in alley cropping agroforestry system (ACS) and traditional no till agriculture in subtropical Brazil. It was evaluated the growth variables relative growth rate, unit leaf rate, leaf weight fraction, panicle relative filling rate and grains to panicle ratio. The tiller traits evaluated was tillers to main shoot phytomass ratio, tillers per main shoot, grain yield and tillers to main shoot grain yield ratio. At harvest was evaluated biological and grain yield, yield compounds and harvest index. The nitrogen increased the oat growth between the tree tracks, however the nitrogen levels altered the growth response differently in positions relative to adjacent eucalyptus tracks. The oat tillering persistence for grains production depended of different nitrogen level in distances relative to adjacent eucalyptus tracks. At the end of oat cycle, there was compensation of the lower number of spikelets per panicle by the greater number of grains per spikelet, as well as higher harvest indexes where less phytomass was accumulated, in environments with high interspecific interaction. The nitrogen levels increased the oat yield differently at positions relative to the trees in the integrated system. The oats growth and yield in ACS can be improved through the nitrogen fertilization. The variables that describe growth, tillering and grain yield of oat interact with nitrogen levels and positions relative to eucalyptus inside ACS, therefore different nitrogen levels should be used in those positions, to improve the oats yield potential inside ACS

Soil Organic Phosphorus and carbon on agricultural and natural ecosystems

Orientador : Dr. Anibal de Moraes, Dr Jeferson Dieckow e Dr. Alan J. FranzluebbersTese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Agrárias, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agronomia. Defesa: Curitiba, 24/10/2016Inclui referências: f. 47-50;72-77;97-101Área de concentração: Produção vegetalResumo: A disponibilidade de solos e seus recursos está reduzindo com a evolução da humanidade e os impactos negativos, decorrentes do mau uso dos solos, estão afetando o desenvolvimento sustentável da agropecuária mundial. Portanto, se faz necessário o desenvolvimento de alternativas que permitam um uso mais sustentável dos solos, para atender as demandas no setor de produção agropecuária do século 21. O objetivo geral desta tese foi estudar solos de sistemas de produção agropecuária que buscam a intensificação de uso sustentável, ou de ecossistemas naturais, como uma etapa para melhor entender dinâmicas complexas de nutrientes. Foram estudados a composição de fósforo (P) no solo em sistemas integrados de produção agropecuária (SIPA) no subtrópico brasileiro, bem como em ecossistemas naturais em escala global e por fim, a dinâmica do carbono (C) orgânico em um sistema agroflorestal localizado na Carolina do Norte, Estados Unidos da América. O primeiro objetivo específico foi determinar a composição de P no solo de agroecossitemas com baixa e alta complexidade trófica. Especificamente, objetivou-se qualificar e quantificar os componentes orgânicos e inorgânicos de P usando extratos de NaOH-EDTA e espectroscopia de ressonância magnética nuclear, para posteriormente caracterizar a ciclagem de P em resposta ao aumento da complexidade trófica com SIPA no subtrópico brasileiro. A presença do pastejo resultou em maior concentração de ortofosfato total e biodisponível (i.e., Mehlich-I) e também diminuiu a concentração de P orgânico, incluindo os inositol fosfatos. O pastejo aumentou a biodisponibilidade de P e reduziu a concentração de P orgânico recalcitrante (i.e., inositol fosfatos), portanto, concluiu-se que a integração entre lavoura e pecuária pode ser uma alternativa sustentável para aumentar o uso do P nos sistemas de produção no subtrópico brasileiro. O segundo objetivo específico foi analisar com meta-regressão (meta-análise), a dinâmica do P em diferentes texturas de solo e de clima em escala global, relacionando os grupos funcionais de P com o pH, concentração de C, relação CN e relação CP do solo em ecossistemas naturais. A composição de P orgânico teve uma resposta complexa à estas características do solo. A relação de monoesteres para o P orgânico aumentou com o aumento do pH, e diminuiu com o decréscimo da concentração de C, relação CN e relação CP, sem haver resposta particular para os locais e textura do solo. Em contraste, a relação de diesteres para o P orgânico bem como a relação diesteres para monoesteres teve o comportamento inverso, diminuindo com o aumento do pH, e aumentando com o aumento da concentração de C, relação carbono-nitrogênio (CN) e relação carbono-fósforo (CP). Portanto, concluiu-se que o pH, a concentração de C e as relações CN e CP são importantes fatores na determinação das proporções dos grupos funcionais de P orgânico do solo. O terceiro objetivo específico foi determinar a distribuição espacial de atributos do solo (textura e frações de C orgânico do solo) usando a combinação de espectroscopia de reflectância no infravermelho proximal (NIRS) e geoestatística, em um experimento de sistema agroflorestal localizado na Carolina do Norte, Estados Unidos da América. O NIRS foi uma ferramenta útil para predizer a textura do solo e as frações de C do solo. Na fase de calibração e validação do NIRS, o modelo de máquina de vetores de suporte teve uma performance melhor do que o modelo de mínimos quadrados parciais na predição das características do solo. A geoestatística aumentou os erros em relação àquales obtidos somente com o NIRS. Entretanto, a geoestatística possibilitou realizar a exploração das características espaciais da textura do solo e frações de C. A combinação do NIRS com a geoestatística pode ser utilizada para avaliação de atributos do solo deste sistema agroflorestal e de outros sistemas de produção, permitindo assim aumentar a sustentabilidade dos agroecossistemas através do manejo com agricultura de precisão. Palavras chave: integração lavoura-pecuária, plantio direto, ciclagem de nutrientes.Abstract: Soil resources are narrowing as human evolution occurs and the negative feedbacks resulting from soil misuse are affecting agriculture's sustainable development worldwide. Therefore, alternatives that allow a more sustainable use of soils are necessary, to fill demands of the 21-century agriculture. The general objective of this thesis was to evaluate soils of agricultural systems that pursue sustainable intensification and natural ecosystems as a step to understand complex nutrient dynamics, which knowledge might help to adapt management by agriculture. It was studied the soil phosphorus compounds on integrated crop-livestock systems in Subtropical Brazil and on natural ecosystems across the world and soil organic carbon (C) dynamics in an agroforestry system on a Coastal Plain in United States of America. The first specific objective was to determine soil P composition from agro-ecosystems with low and high trophic complexity. Specifically, we wanted to qualify and quantify soil organic and inorganic P fractions using NaOH-EDTA extraction and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and characterize P cycling in response to increasing complexity with integrated crop-livestock systems in subtropical Brazil. Our results were that in these agro-ecosystems, grazing compared with nograzing had greater soil P content as total and bioavailable (i.e., Mehlich-I) orthophosphate and lower soil organic P and fewer monoesters, including inositol phosphates. Grazing increased P bioavailability and reduced recalcitrant organic P (i.e., inositol phosphates) concentration in soil; therefore, we conclude that integrating crop and livestock systems can be a sustainable alternative to improve P use in farming systems of subtropical Brazil. The second specific objective was to analyze through meta-regression, soil organic phosphorus dynamics among different soil textures and locates at global scale, relating its organic functional groups with soil pH, C concentration, carbon-to-nitrogen (CN) ratio and carbon-to-phosphorus (CP) ratio on natural ecosystems. We found that soil organic P composition had a complex response to those soil characteristics. Monoesters-to-organic P ratio increased as pH increased, and decreased as C concentration, CN ratio and CP ratio increased, with no particular response among locates and soil textures. In contrast, diesters-to-organic P ratio as well as diesters-to-monoesters ratio had the opposite behavior, decreasing its concentrations as pH increased, and increasing as soil C concentration, CN ratio and CP ratio increased. Therefore we concluded that soil pH, C concentration, CN ratio and CP ratio are important factors in determining proportions of soil organic P functional groups. The third specific objective was to determine the spatial distribution soil properties (soil texture and organic C fractions) using a combination of near infrared spectroscopy and geostatistics, in an emerging agroforestry system experiment on a Coastal Plain site in North Carolina. Nearinfrared spectroscopy was a useful tool to predict soil texture and soil organic carbon (SOC) fractions. Using chemometrics to calibrate NIRS, a support vector machine model performed better than a partial least squares model to predict soil texture (sand and clay) and SOC fractions (total, particulate, and mineralizable C determined as the flush of CO2-C following rewetting of dried soil). Geostatistics increased errors of soil properties compared to those obtained solely by NIRS prediction. Nonetheless, geostatistics was useful to explore spatial patterns of soil texture and SOC fractions. Combining NIRS and geostatistics can be promoted for soil evaluation of this agroforestry system and in other landscapes to increase sustainability of agroecosystems through field-specific precision management. Key words: mixed crop-livestock, no-tillage, nutrient cycling

Deiss_etal_Biogeosciences_DATASET_bg-2017-307

This dataset is associated with the following article: Deiss, L., Moraes, A., and Maire, V. Environmental drivers of soil phosphorus composition in natural ecosystems. Biogeosciences. bg-2017-307

Commercial integrated crop-livestock systems achieve comparable crop yields to specialized production systems: A meta-analysis.

Production systems that feature temporal and spatial integration of crop and livestock enterprises, also known as integrated crop-livestock systems (ICLS), have the potential to intensify production on cultivated lands and foster resilience to the effects of climate change without proportional increases in environmental impacts. Yet, crop production outcomes following livestock grazing across environments and management scenarios remain uncertain and a potential barrier to adoption, as producers worry about the effects of livestock activity on the agronomic quality of their land. To determine likely production outcomes across ICLS and to identify the most important moderating variables governing those outcomes, we performed a meta-analysis of 66 studies comparing crop yields in ICLS to yields in unintegrated controls across 3 continents, 12 crops, and 4 livestock species. We found that annual cash crops in ICLS averaged similar yields (-7% to +2%) to crops in comparable unintegrated systems. The exception was dual-purpose crops (crops managed simultaneously for grazing and grain production), which yielded 20% less on average than single-purpose crops in the studies examined. When dual-purpose cropping systems were excluded from the analysis, crops in ICLS yielded more than in unintegrated systems in loamy soils and achieved equal yields in most other settings, suggesting that areas of intermediate soil texture may represent a "sweet-spot" for ICLS implementation. This meta-analysis represents the first quantitative synthesis of the crop production outcomes of ICLS and demonstrates the need for further investigation into the conditions and management scenarios under which ICLS can be successfully implemented

Soil physical attributes in integrated bean and sheep system under nitrogen levels

Integrated crop-livestock systems (ICLS) can promote higher grain and meat/milk yield as well as reduce soil degradation risks. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the influence of grazing sheep with moderate intensity and nitrogen doses on soil physical attributes, and bean crop yield (Phaseolus vulgaris Lam.) under rotation with summer corn crop (Zea mays Lam.) and winter pasture with oats (Avena sativa Lam) and ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) The experimental design was completely randomized blocks with split-plot; the plots were nitrogen doses and the split-plots were grazing presence or absence. The treatments were nitrogen doses of 0, 75, 150 and 225 kg ha-1 applied on ryegrass and white oat pasture in winter followed by bean crop. Soil density, macroporosity, microporosity and total porosity and bean grain yield were evaluated. When ICLS are managed under no-tillage with moderate grazing, sheep trampling did not affect negatively soil physical attributes, which did not reach critical levels for subsequent growth and development of the bean crop. The black bean yield in summer was not affected by antecedent presence of sheep grazing in winter