Ran GTPase promotes oocyte polarization by regulating ERM (Ezrin/Radixin/Moesin) inactivation.

International audienceAsymmetric meiotic divisions in mammalian oocytes are driven by the eccentric positioning of the spindle, along with a dramatic reorganization of the overlying cortex, including a loss of microvilli and formation of a thick actin cap. Actin polarization relies on a Ran-GTP gradient centered on metaphase chromosomes; however, the downstream signaling cascade is not completely understood. In a recent study, we have shown that Ran promotes actin cap formation via the polarized activation of Cdc42. The related GTPase Rac is also activated in a polarized fashion in the oocyte cortex and co-localizes with active Cdc42. In other cells, microvilli collapse can be triggered by inactivation of the ERM (Ezrin/Radixin/Moesin) family of actin-membrane crosslinkers under the control of Rac. Accordingly, we show here that Ran-GTP promotes a substantial loss of phosphorylated ERMs in the cortex overlying the spindle in mouse oocytes. However, this polarized phospho-ERM exclusion zone was unaffected by Rac or Cdc42 inhibition. Therefore, we suggest that Ran activates two distinct pathways to regulate actin cap formation and microvilli disassembly in the polarized cortex of mouse oocytes. The possibility of a crosstalk between Rho GTPase and ERM signaling and a role for ERM inactivation in promoting cortical actin dynamics are also discussed

Étude de la polarisation et de la division asymétrique de l’ovocyte de souris

Oocyte meiosis is accomplished through two successive rounds of cellular divisions, without DNA replication, allowing for gamete haploidization necessary for parental genome fusion after fertilization. These divisions are highly asymmetric and allow extra-DNA expulsion, in small polar bodies, while retaining most of the cytoplasmic resources needed for early embryo development. Studies in mouse oocyte have demonstrated the capabilities of the gamete to autonomously break his symmetry by positioning the spindle near the cortex. By doing so, the spindle is able to induce a cortical polarization that is dependent on a Ran-GTP gradient emanating from the chromosomes. This polarization will be necessary for delimiting extrusion sites of the future polar bodies. A polarized accumulation of Arp2/3 actin filaments is one of the most evident features of oocyte polarization. We have shown that polarization of Cdc42-GTP, trough N-WASP activation, is an essential intermediate between Ran-GTP and the polarized polymerization of actin filaments. We also investigated ERM (Ezrin Radixin Moesin) proteins localization that are known to promote microvilli assembly. According to our data, microvilli and ERM are excluded from the polarized cortex in a Ran-GTP dependent manner. Finally, we studied cortical acto-myosin dynamics during the second meiotic division which requires spindle rotation. We demonstrated the existence of two cortical myosin 2 sub-populations which depend either on chromosomes (Ran-GTP/Cdc42-GTP) or on the central spindle (Ect2/RhoA).La méiose ovocytaire comprend une succession de deux divisions cellulaires, sans phase intermédiaire de réplication de l'ADN, permettant l'haploïdisation du gamète femelle en vue de la fusion des génomes parentaux lors de la fécondation. Le caractère fortement asymétrique de ces divisions permet l'expulsion du matériel génétique surnuméraire, dans de petits globules polaires, tout en conservant l'essentiel des ressources cytoplasmiques qui seront nécessaires au développement précoce de l'embryon. De nombreuses études réalisées sur l'ovocyte de souris ont mis en évidence les capacités intrinsèques du gamète à rompre sa symétrie en positionnant son fuseau de manière excentrée à proximité du cortex. En se positionnant de la sorte le fuseau induit, via un gradient de Ran-GTP porté par les chromosomes, une polarisation du cortex ovocytaire qui permettra de restreindre le site d'émission des futurs globules polaires. Cette polarisation se caractérise notamment par une forte accumulation de filaments d'actines dépendante du facteur de nucléation Arp2/3. Nos travaux nous ont permis de mettre en évidence le rôle de Cdc42-GTP, via l'activation de N-WASP, comme intermédiaire entre le gradient de Ran-GTP et la polymérisation polarisée des filaments d'actine. Nous nous sommes également intéressés à la localisation des protéines ERM (Ezrin Radixin Moesin), connues pour favoriser la formation des microvillosités membranaires. Dans l'ovocyte, les microvillosités et les ERM sont toutes deux exclues du cortex polarisé et nous avons pu démontrer le rôle de Ran-GTP dans ce processus. Enfin, nous avons étudié la localisation du réseau d'acto-myosine cortical lors de la deuxième division méiotique qui nécessite la rotation du fuseau de l'ovocyte de souris. Nos résultats révèlent l'existence de deux sous-populations de myosine 2 corticale, l'une dépendante de la chromatine (Ran-GTP/Cdc42-GTP) et l'autre dépendante du fuseau central (Ect2/RhoA)

Meisosomes, folded membrane microdomains between the apical extracellular matrix and epidermis

Apical extracellular matrices (aECMs) form a physical barrier to the environment. In Caenorhabditis elegans, the epidermal aECM, the cuticle, is composed mainly of different types of collagen, associated in circumferential ridges separated by furrows. Here, we show that in mutants lacking furrows, the normal intimate connection between the epidermis and the cuticle is lost, specifically at the lateral epidermis, where, in contrast to the dorsal and ventral epidermis, there are no hemidesmosomes. At the ultrastructural level, there is a profound alteration of structures that we term 'meisosomes,' in reference to eisosomes in yeast. We show that meisosomes are composed of stacked parallel folds of the epidermal plasma membrane, alternately filled with cuticle. We propose that just as hemidesmosomes connect the dorsal and ventral epidermis, above the muscles, to the cuticle, meisosomes connect the lateral epidermis to it. Moreover, furrow mutants present marked modifications of the biomechanical properties of their skin and exhibit a constitutive damage response in the epidermis. As meisosomes co-localise to macrodomains enriched in phosphatidylinositol (4,5) bisphosphate, they could conceivably act, like eisosomes, as signalling platforms, to relay tensile information from the aECM to the underlying epidermis, as part of an integrated stress response to damage

Polarization and asymmetric division in mouse oocyte

La méiose ovocytaire comprend une succession de deux divisions cellulaires, sans phase intermédiaire de réplication de l'ADN, permettant l'haploïdisation du gamète femelle en vue de la fusion des génomes parentaux lors de la fécondation. Le caractère fortement asymétrique de ces divisions permet l'expulsion du matériel génétique surnuméraire, dans de petits globules polaires, tout en conservant l'essentiel des ressources cytoplasmiques qui seront nécessaires au développement précoce de l'embryon. De nombreuses études réalisées sur l'ovocyte de souris ont mis en évidence les capacités intrinsèques du gamète à rompre sa symétrie en positionnant son fuseau de manière excentrée à proximité du cortex. En se positionnant de la sorte le fuseau induit, via un gradient de Ran-GTP porté par les chromosomes, une polarisation du cortex ovocytaire qui permettra de restreindre le site d'émission des futurs globules polaires. Cette polarisation se caractérise notamment par une forte accumulation de filaments d'actines dépendante du facteur de nucléation Arp2/3. Nos travaux nous ont permis de mettre en évidence le rôle de Cdc42-GTP, via l'activation de N-WASP, comme intermédiaire entre le gradient de Ran-GTP et la polymérisation polarisée des filaments d'actine. Nous nous sommes également intéressés à la localisation des protéines ERM (Ezrin Radixin Moesin), connues pour favoriser la formation des microvillosités membranaires. Dans l'ovocyte, les microvillosités et les ERM sont toutes deux exclues du cortex polarisé et nous avons pu démontrer le rôle de Ran-GTP dans ce processus. Enfin, nous avons étudié la localisation du réseau d'acto-myosine cortical lors de la deuxième division méiotique qui nécessite la rotation du fuseau de l'ovocyte de souris. Nos résultats révèlent l'existence de deux sous-populations de myosine 2 corticale, l'une dépendante de la chromatine (Ran-GTP/Cdc42-GTP) et l'autre dépendante du fuseau central (Ect2/RhoA).Oocyte meiosis is accomplished through two successive rounds of cellular divisions, without DNA replication, allowing for gamete haploidization necessary for parental genome fusion after fertilization. These divisions are highly asymmetric and allow extra-DNA expulsion, in small polar bodies, while retaining most of the cytoplasmic resources needed for early embryo development. Studies in mouse oocyte have demonstrated the capabilities of the gamete to autonomously break his symmetry by positioning the spindle near the cortex. By doing so, the spindle is able to induce a cortical polarization that is dependent on a Ran-GTP gradient emanating from the chromosomes. This polarization will be necessary for delimiting extrusion sites of the future polar bodies. A polarized accumulation of Arp2/3 actin filaments is one of the most evident features of oocyte polarization. We have shown that polarization of Cdc42-GTP, trough N-WASP activation, is an essential intermediate between Ran-GTP and the polarized polymerization of actin filaments. We also investigated ERM (Ezrin Radixin Moesin) proteins localization that are known to promote microvilli assembly. According to our data, microvilli and ERM are excluded from the polarized cortex in a Ran-GTP dependent manner. Finally, we studied cortical acto-myosin dynamics during the second meiotic division which requires spindle rotation. We demonstrated the existence of two cortical myosin 2 sub-populations which depend either on chromosomes (Ran-GTP/Cdc42-GTP) or on the central spindle (Ect2/RhoA)

Cofilin regulates actin network homeostasis and microvilli length in mouse oocytes.

How multiple actin networks coexist in a common cytoplasm, while competing for a shared pool of monomers, is still an ongoing question. This is exemplified by meiotic maturation in the mouse oocyte, which relies on the dynamic remodeling of distinct cortical and cytoplasmic F-actin networks. Here we show that the conserved actin-depolymerizing factor cofilin is activated in a switch-like manner at meiosis resumption from prophase arrest. Interfering with cofilin activation during maturation resulted in widespread microvilli elongation, while cytoplasmic F-actin was depleted, leading to defects in spindle migration and polar body extrusion. In contrast, cofilin inactivation in metaphase II-arrested oocytes resulted in a shutdown of F-actin dynamics, along with a dramatic overgrowth of the polarized actin cap. However, inhibition of the Arp2/3 complex to promote actin cap disassembly elicited ectopic microvilli outgrowth in the polarized cortex. These data establish cofilin as a key player in actin network homeostasis in oocytes, and reveal that microvilli can act as a sink for monomers upon disassembly of a competing network

MRCK controls myosin II activation in the polarized cortex of mouse oocytes and promotes spindle rotation and male pronucleus centration

Abstract Asymmetric meiotic divisions in oocytes rely on spindle positioning in close vicinity to the cortex. In mouse oocytes arrested at metaphase II, eccentric spindle positioning is associated with a chromatin-induced remodeling of the overlying cortex, including the build-up of an actin cap surrounded by a ring of activated myosin II. While the role of the actin cap in promoting polar body formation was demonstrated, the role of ring myosin II, and its mechanism of activation, have remained elusive. Here, we show that ring myosin II activation requires Myotonic dystrophy kinase-Related Cdc42-binding Kinase (MRCK), downstream of polarized Cdc42. During anaphase-II, inhibition of MRCK resulted in spindle rotation defects and a decreased rate of polar body emission. Remarkably, some oocytes eventually achieved spindle rotation by disengaging one cluster of chromatids from the anaphase spindle. We show that the MRCK/myosin II pathway also regulates the flattening of the fertilization cone to initiate male pronucleus centration. These findings provide novel insights into mammalian oocyte polarization and the role of cortical myosin II in orchestrating asymmetric division

Polarized Cdc42 activation promotes polar body protrusion and asymmetric division in mouse oocytes.

International audienceAsymmetric meiotic divisions in mammalian oocytes rely on the eccentric positioning of the spindle and the remodeling of the overlying cortex, resulting in the formation of small polar bodies. The mechanism of this cortical polarization, exemplified by the formation of a thick F-actin cap, is poorly understood. Cdc42 is a major player in cell polarization in many systems; however, the spatio-temporal dynamics of Cdc42 activation during oocyte meiosis, and its contribution to mammalian oocyte polarization, have remained elusive. In this study, we investigated Cdc42 activation (Cdc42-GTP), dynamics and role during mouse oocyte meiotic divisions. We show that Cdc42-GTP accumulates in restricted cortical regions overlying meiotic chromosomes or chromatids, in a Ran-GTP-dependent manner. This polarized activation of Cdc42 is required for the recruitment of N-WASP and the formation of F-actin-rich protrusions during polar body formation. Cdc42 inhibition in MII oocytes resulted in the release of N-WASP into the cytosol, a loss of the polarized F-actin cap, and a failure to protrude the second polar body. Cdc42 inhibition also resulted in central spindle defects in activated MII oocytes. In contrast, emission of the first polar body during oocyte maturation could occur in the absence of a functional Cdc42/N-WASP pathway. Therefore, Cdc42 is a new protagonist in chromatin-induced cortical polarization in mammalian oocytes, with an essential role in meiosis II completion, through the recruitment and activation of N-WASP, downstream of the chromatin-centered Ran-GTP gradient

Theory of sarcomere assembly inferred from sequential ordering of myofibril components

Myofibrils in striated muscle cells are chains of regular cytoskeletal units termed sarcomeres, whose contractions drive voluntary movements of animals. Despite the well characterized order of the sarcomere components in mature sarcomeres, which explains the sarcomere contraction mechanism, the mechanism of molecular ordering during sarcomere assembly remains debated. Here, we put forward a theoretical framework for the self-assembly of sarcomeres. This theory is based on measurements of the sequential ordering of sarcomere components in developing Drosophila flight muscles, identified by applying a novel tracking-free algorithm: myosin, α -actinin and the titin homologue Sallimus form periodic patterns before actin. Based on these results, we propose that myosin, Sallimus, and sarcomere Z-disc proteins including α -actinin dynamically bind and unbind to an unordered bundle of actin filaments to establish an initial periodic pattern. As a consequence, periodicity of actin filaments is only established later. Our model proposes that non-local interactions between spatially extended myosin and titin/Sallimus containing complexes, and possibly tension-dependent feedback mediated by an α -actinin catch-bond, drive this ordering process. We probe this hypothesis using mathematical models and derive predictive conditions for sarcomere pattern formation, guiding future experimental analysis

RhoA- and Ran-induced antagonistic forces underlie symmetry breaking and spindle rotation in mouse oocytes

Mammalian oocyte meiotic divisions are highly asymmetric and produce a large haploid gamete and two small polar bodies. This relies on the ability of the cell to break symmetry and position its spindle close to the cortex before the anaphase occurs. In metaphase II arrested mouse oocytes, the spindle is actively maintained close and parallel to the cortex, until the fertilization triggers the sister chromatids segregation and the rotation of the spindle. The latter must indeed reorient perpendicular to the cortex to enable the cytokinesis ring closure at the base of the polar body. However, the mechanisms underlying symmetry breaking and spindle rotation have remained elusive. In this study, we show that the spindle rotation results from two antagonistic forces. First, an inward contraction of the cytokinesis furrow dependent on RhoA signaling and second, an outward attraction exerted on both lots of chromatids by a RanGTP dependent polarization of the actomyosin cortex. By combining live segmentation and tracking with numerical modelling, we demonstrate that this configuration becomes unstable as the ingression progresses. This leads to spontaneous symmetry breaking, which implies that neither the rotation direction nor the lot of chromatids that eventually gets discarded are biologically predetermined

Viscoelastic Dissipation Stabilizes Cell Shape Changes during Tissue Morphogenesis

International audienceTissue morphogenesis relies on the production of active cellular forces. Understanding how such forces are mechanically converted into cell shape changes is essential to our understanding of morphogenesis. Here, we use myosin II pulsatile activity during Drosophila embryogenesis to study how transient forces generate irreversible cell shape changes. Analyzing the dynamics of junction shortening and elongation resulting from myosin II pulses, we find that long pulses yield less reversible deformations, typically a signature of dissipative mechanics. This is consistent with a simple viscoelastic description, which we use to model individual shortening and elongation events. The model predicts that dissipation typically occurs on the minute timescale, a timescale commensurate with that of force generation by myosin II pulses. We test this estimate by applying time-controlled forces on junctions with optical tweezers. Finally, we show that actin turnover participates in dissipation, as reducing it pharmacologically increases the reversibility of contractile events. Our results argue that active junctional deformation is stabilized by actin-dependent dissipation. Hence, tissue morphogenesis requires coordination between force generation and dissipation