Antigenotoxic Studies of Different Substances to Reduce the DNA Damage Induced by Aflatoxin B1 and Ochratoxin A

Mycotoxins are produced mainly by the mycelial structure of filamentous fungi, or more specifically, molds. These secondary metabolites are synthesized during the end of the exponential growth phase and appear to have no biochemical significance in fungal growth and development. The contamination of foods and feeds with mycotoxins is a significant problem for the adverse effects on humans, animals, and crops that result in illnesses and economic losses. The toxic effect of the ingestion of mycotoxins in humans and animals depends on a number of factors including intake levels, duration of exposure, toxin species, mechanisms of action, metabolism, and defense mechanisms. In general, the consumption of contaminated food and feed with mycotoxin induces to neurotoxic, immunosuppressive, teratogenic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic effect in humans and/or animals. The most significant mycotoxins in terms of public health and agronomic perspective include the aflatoxins, ochratoxin A (OTA), trichothecenes, fumonisins, patulin, and the ergot alkaloids. Due to the detrimental effects of these mycotoxins, several strategies have been developed in order to reduce the risk of exposure. These include the degradation, destruction, inactivation or removal of mycotoxins through chemical, physical and biological methods. However, the results obtained with these methods have not been optimal, because they may change the organoleptic characteristics and nutritional values of food. Another alternative strategy to prevent or reduce the toxic effects of mycotoxins is by applying antimutagenic agents. These substances act according to several extra- or intracellular mechanisms, their main goal being to avoid the interaction of mycotoxins with DNA; as a consequence of their action, these agents would inhibit mutagenesis and carcinogenesis. This article reviews the main strategies used to control AFB1 and ochratoxin A and contains an analysis of some antigenotoxic substances that reduce the DNA damage caused by these mycotoxins

Flot de conception pour circuits asynchrones : de la HLS à l'implémentation en FDSOI

Power consumption is today a main concern for the microelectronic industry, especially with the emergence of the internet of things and batteryless devices. Since the vast majority of circuits are synchronous, energy reduction strategies such as clock gating, DVFS (Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling) or FDSOI body biasing have been developed. However, these approaches, as virtuous as they are, impose very strong constraints on the clock tree. Moreover, with the most advanced nodes, their sensitivity to process variations, voltage and temperature further increase the chip design constraints. A disruptive approach, based on asynchronous circuits, is able to increase the circuit robustness to these variations while reducing their power consumption. In order to push the adoption of asynchronous circuits in the industry, an original design flow, based on a commercial high-level synthesis tool, is proposed in this thesis. Moreover, this high-level approach has been coupled to a distributed fine-grained and dynamic body biasing system in order to optimize the circuit energy efficiency. This flow has been mostly automated.La consommation est désormais une préoccupation majeure de l’industrie microélectronique, notamment avec l’émergence des objets de l’internet et de dispositifs sans batterie. L’immense majorité des circuits étant synchrones, des stratégies de réduction de l’énergie telles que le clock gating, le DVFS (Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling) ou la polarisation du substrat en FDSOI ont été mises au point. Toutefois, ces approches, aussi vertueuses soient-elles, se traduisent par des contraintes très fortes sur l’arbre d’horloge. De plus, avec les nœuds de petites dimensions, la sensibilité aux variations des procédés de fabrication, de tension et de température accroît encore les contraintes de conception des puces. Une approche disruptive, basée sur des circuits asynchrones, permet d’augmenter la robustesse des circuits à ces variations et de réduire leur consommation énergétique. Afin de favoriser l’adoption des circuits asynchrones dans l’industrie, un flot de conception original, s’appuyant sur un outil commercial de synthèse de haut niveau, est proposé dans cette thèse. Par ailleurs, cette approche de haut niveau a été couplée à un système distribué de polarisation dynamique du substrat à grains fins afin d’optimiser l’efficacité énergétique des circuits. Ce flot a été en très grande partie automatisé

Flot de conception pour circuits asynchrones : de la HLS à l'implémentation en FDSOI

Power consumption is today a main concern for the microelectronic industry, especially with the emergence of the internet of things and batteryless devices. Since the vast majority of circuits are synchronous, energy reduction strategies such as clock gating, DVFS (Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling) or FDSOI body biasing have been developed. However, these approaches, as virtuous as they are, impose very strong constraints on the clock tree. Moreover, with the most advanced nodes, their sensitivity to process variations, voltage and temperature further increase the chip design constraints. A disruptive approach, based on asynchronous circuits, is able to increase the circuit robustness to these variations while reducing their power consumption. In order to push the adoption of asynchronous circuits in the industry, an original design flow, based on a commercial high-level synthesis tool, is proposed in this thesis. Moreover, this high-level approach has been coupled to a distributed fine-grained and dynamic body biasing system in order to optimize the circuit energy efficiency. This flow has been mostly automated.La consommation est désormais une préoccupation majeure de l’industrie microélectronique, notamment avec l’émergence des objets de l’internet et de dispositifs sans batterie. L’immense majorité des circuits étant synchrones, des stratégies de réduction de l’énergie telles que le clock gating, le DVFS (Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling) ou la polarisation du substrat en FDSOI ont été mises au point. Toutefois, ces approches, aussi vertueuses soient-elles, se traduisent par des contraintes très fortes sur l’arbre d’horloge. De plus, avec les nœuds de petites dimensions, la sensibilité aux variations des procédés de fabrication, de tension et de température accroît encore les contraintes de conception des puces. Une approche disruptive, basée sur des circuits asynchrones, permet d’augmenter la robustesse des circuits à ces variations et de réduire leur consommation énergétique. Afin de favoriser l’adoption des circuits asynchrones dans l’industrie, un flot de conception original, s’appuyant sur un outil commercial de synthèse de haut niveau, est proposé dans cette thèse. Par ailleurs, cette approche de haut niveau a été couplée à un système distribué de polarisation dynamique du substrat à grains fins afin d’optimiser l’efficacité énergétique des circuits. Ce flot a été en très grande partie automatisé

An asynchronous circuit design flow : From HLS to FDSOI implementation

La consommation est désormais une préoccupation majeure de l’industrie microélectronique, notamment avec l’émergence des objets de l’internet et de dispositifs sans batterie. L’immense majorité des circuits étant synchrones, des stratégies de réduction de l’énergie telles que le clock gating, le DVFS (Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling) ou la polarisation du substrat en FDSOI ont été mises au point. Toutefois, ces approches, aussi vertueuses soient-elles, se traduisent par des contraintes très fortes sur l’arbre d’horloge. De plus, avec les nœuds de petites dimensions, la sensibilité aux variations des procédés de fabrication, de tension et de température accroît encore les contraintes de conception des puces. Une approche disruptive, basée sur des circuits asynchrones, permet d’augmenter la robustesse des circuits à ces variations et de réduire leur consommation énergétique. Afin de favoriser l’adoption des circuits asynchrones dans l’industrie, un flot de conception original, s’appuyant sur un outil commercial de synthèse de haut niveau, est proposé dans cette thèse. Par ailleurs, cette approche de haut niveau a été couplée à un système distribué de polarisation dynamique du substrat à grains fins afin d’optimiser l’efficacité énergétique des circuits. Ce flot a été en très grande partie automatisé.Power consumption is today a main concern for the microelectronic industry, especially with the emergence of the internet of things and batteryless devices. Since the vast majority of circuits are synchronous, energy reduction strategies such as clock gating, DVFS (Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling) or FDSOI body biasing have been developed. However, these approaches, as virtuous as they are, impose very strong constraints on the clock tree. Moreover, with the most advanced nodes, their sensitivity to process variations, voltage and temperature further increase the chip design constraints. A disruptive approach, based on asynchronous circuits, is able to increase the circuit robustness to these variations while reducing their power consumption. In order to push the adoption of asynchronous circuits in the industry, an original design flow, based on a commercial high-level synthesis tool, is proposed in this thesis. Moreover, this high-level approach has been coupled to a distributed fine-grained and dynamic body biasing system in order to optimize the circuit energy efficiency. This flow has been mostly automated

Prévalence et typologie des prescriptions médicamenteuses inappropriées chez la personne âgée (à propos d'une étude portant sur 268 patients hospitalisés)

Introduction : La iatrogénie médicamenteuse est fréquente en gériatrie. Certaines thérapeutiques ont un rapport bénéfice/risque défavorable ou une efficacité douteuse par rapport à d autres traitements plus sûrs. La liste des traitements inappropriés aux personnes âgées proposée par Beers, a été adaptée à la pharmacopée française par Laroche et coll. en 2009.Méthodologie : Afin d évaluer nos pratiques professionnelles, nous avons étudié les traitements de 20 patients âgées de plus de 75 ans dans chaque unité de gériatrie aiguë et de SSR gériatrique, selon les critères de Laroche. La même étude a été réalisée pour 24 patients dans chaque service recevant le plus de personnes âgées à l hôpital : Orthopédie, Cardiologie A et B, polyclinique post-urgence Nord et Sud, Médecine Interne, Hépato-Gastroentérologie et Neurologie. Les patients tirés au sort devaient avoir été hospitalisés plus de 3 jours. L analyse a porté sur l ordonnance d entrée (traitement à domicile) et celle de sortie. Dans les unités de gériatrie, une évaluation gérontologique a été réalisée portant sur la recherche de polypathologie (score de Charlson), dénutrition (mini MNA), risque de chute (TSU), troubles cognitifs (MMS) et perte d autonomie (ADL) pour apprécier les déterminants de la prescription médicamenteuse inappropriée. Résultats : 268 patients âgés ont été inclus (80 en gériatrie et 188 dans les autres services). Ce travail a permis de mettre en évidence la forte prévalence de la prescription inappropriée des benzodiazépines et apparentés, en particulier chez le sujet dément. Un nombre important de médicaments à la sortie est corrélée à la prescription de molécules potentiellement inappropriées. Les patients polypathologiques, déments, dénutris présentent un risque plus grand de se voir prescrire de manière inappropriée des benzodiazépines ou apparentés .Le manque d évaluation gériatrique, en particulier le MMS, dans les services entraine une sous-évaluation du nombre de patients déments et donc de la iatrogénie. Ces données vont être intégrées à une étude plus vaste, initiée par le PIRG (Pôle Inter Régional de Gérontologie Nord-Ouest) qui a vocation d émettre des recommandations de bonne pratique dont nous avons, à l échelle locale, les pistes. Conclusion : En dehors de la gériatrie, les prescripteurs sont peu informés sur les prescriptions potentiellement inappropriées chez le sujet âgé. La mise à disposition de recommandations ciblées pour chaque service pourrait améliorer la prescription inappropriée à la sortie de l hôpital.Introduction: Adverse drugs events are common in geriatric medicine. Some treatments have a risk/benefit ratio unfavorable or a dubious effectiveness compared to other, safest, treatments. The list of inappropriate treatment for older people proposed by Beers has been adapted to the French pharmacopeia by Laroche and al. in 2009. Methodology: In order to evaluate our professional practice, we have studied the treatment of 20 patients over the age of 75 in each unit of acute geriatric and service of care and geriatric readaptation. The same study has been conducted for 24 patients in each service that receives the most of older people in the hospital: Orthopedics, cardiology A and B, Polyclinic post emergency North and South, Internal Medicine, Neurology and Hepato-gastro-enterology. Patients were required to have been hospitalized for more than 3 days. The analysis focused on the prescription of entry ( home treatment)and that of discharge. In the geriatrics units, a geriatric assessment has been carried out on the research of polypathologie (score of Charlson), malnutrition (mini MNA), risk of fall( unipodale position test), cognitive disorders(MMS) and loss of autonomy ( ADL) to assess the determinants of inappropriate drug prescription. Results: 268 patients were included (80 in geriatrics, 188 in the other services).This work has served to highlight the high prevalence of inappropriate prescribing of benzodiazepines and related, particularly among the elderly with dementia. A significant number of drugs at the discharge are correlated to the prescription of potentially inappropriate molecules. Polypathological patients with dementia, malnourished are at greater risk of having inappropriately prescribed benzodiazepines and related. The lack of geriatric assessment, in particular MMS, in the services resulted in an under evaluation of the number of patients with dementia and, therefore, of the adverse drug events. These data will be integrated in a larger study, initiated by the PIRG (inter regional pol of gerontology north-west) which has a vocation to issue recommendations for good practice that we have, at the local level, the tracks. Conclusion: Outside of the geriatrics, prescribers are ill-informed about the potentially inappropriate prescription in the elderly. The provision of targeted recommendations for each service could improve the inappropriate prescribing at the discharge of the hospital.AMIENS-BU Santé (800212102) / SudocSudocFranceF

A High-Level Design Flow for Locally Body-Biased Asynchronous Circuits

International audienceFully Depleted Silicon on Insulator (FDSOI) technologies offer new possibilities for power &nbsp;management, especially with dynamic body biasing. Traditional strategies are based on a large body bias generator, which drives the IP back-gates thanks to a dedicated and often complex power management system. As asynchronous circuits use local synchronizations with handshake components, which activate only the processing parts, it is possible to take advantage of these handshake signals to implement a simple and fine-grain body biasing strategy. Instead of driving IPs with a large body bias generator, we use tiny distributed generators, locally activating small body bias regions when the circuit is processing data. These latter are based on level-shifters and implemented as standard cells. Thus, we propose a high-level design flow associating asynchronous circuits and a local body biasing strategy, which does not require complex body bias management. Indeed, the local handshake signals directly control our dedicated body bias generators. Moreover, Place and Route operations are facilitated by the use of standard cell generators. The simulations show the flow efficiency, a finer grain body biasing and a significant power reduction.</p

From High-Level Synthesis to Bundled-Data Circuits

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Desynchronizing Circuits Synthesized with CatapultC

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Comparison of Synchronous and Asynchronous FIR Filter Architecture

International audienceThe Internet of Things requires developing ultra-low power platforms embedding actuators, sensors, and signal processors. In order to limit the power consumption of suchsystems, nonuniform sampling schemes are very promising solutions, especially if coupled to event-driven circuitries. This strategy allows reducing the amount of sampled data, the system activity, and then the power consumption. Moreover, High-Level Synthesis (HLS) helps designers in rapidly developing ultra-lowpower platforms. In this article, we present a comparison of the uniform and non-uniform schemes in term of activity and power consumption. This evaluation is performed on Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filters in three different flavors: a synchronous filter using a classical sampling scheme and two asynchronous filters implementing a nonuniform sampling scheme, where one has been manually designed and the other generated by HLS. The filters have been designed in CMOS 350 nm and 40 nm. The filter manually designed provides an area reduction of 8% and depending on the signal and the application, it is able to consume from 6.6 to 43 times less energy than the synchronous version. The filter produced by HLS exhibits an area reduction of 12%, and consume from 3.3 to 28 times less energy