Real time simulation of computer-assisted sequencing of terminal area operations

A simulation was developed to investigate the utilization of computer assisted decision making for the task of sequencing and scheduling aircraft in a high density terminal area. The simulation incorporates a decision methodology termed Constrained Position Shifting. This methodology accounts for aircraft velocity profiles, routes, and weight classes in dynamically sequencing and scheduling arriving aircraft. A sample demonstration of Constrained Position Shifting is presented where six aircraft types (including both light and heavy aircraft) are sequenced to land at Denver's Stapleton International Airport. A graphical display is utilized and Constrained Position Shifting with a maximum shift of four positions (rearward or forward) is compared to first come, first serve with respect to arrival at the runway. The implementation of computer assisted sequencing and scheduling methodologies is investigated. A time based control concept will be required and design considerations for such a system are discussed

Eosinophilic bronchitis, eosinophilic granuloma, and eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy in 75 dogs (2006-2016).

BackgroundEosinophilic lung disease is a poorly understood inflammatory airway disease that results in substantial morbidity.ObjectiveTo describe clinical findings in dogs with eosinophilic lung disease defined on the basis of radiographic, bronchoscopic, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL) analysis. Categories included eosinophilic bronchitis (EB), eosinophilic granuloma (EG), and eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy (EBP).AnimalsSeventy-five client owned dogs.MethodsMedical records were retrospectively reviewed for dogs with idiopathic BAL fluid eosinophilia. Information abstracted included duration and nature of clinical signs, bronchoscopic findings, and laboratory data. Thoracic radiographs were evaluated for the pattern of infiltrate, bronchiectasis, and lymphadenomegaly.ResultsThoracic radiographs were normal or demonstrated a bronchial pattern in 31 dogs assigned a diagnosis of EB. Nine dogs had intraluminal mass lesions and were bronchoscopically diagnosed with EG. The remaining 35 dogs were categorized as having EBP based on radiographic changes, yellow green mucus in the airways, mucosal changes, and airway collapse. Age and duration of cough did not differ among groups. Dogs with EB were less likely to have bronchiectasis or peripheral eosinophilia, had lower total nucleated cell count in BAL fluid, and lower percentage of eosinophils in BAL fluid compared to dogs in the other 2 groups. In contrast to previous reports, prolonged survival (>55 months) was documented in dogs with EG.Conclusions and clinical importanceDogs with eosinophilic lung disease can be categorized based on imaging, bronchoscopic and BAL fluid cytologic findings. Further studies are needed to establish response to treatment in these groups

Air conditioning, comfort and energy in india's commercial building sector

Before India's building sector can fulfil its CO2 abatement potential, it is imperative for new build projects, especially those which provide for commercial and public functions, to eschew the energy-intensive designs that characterized western commercial buildings of the 20th century. In the absence of an adaptive thermal comfort standard specifically for India's climatic and cultural context, the current trend is simply to design airconditioned buildings to meet the stringent ASHRAE and ISO "Class A" comfort specifications. This paper proposes a holistic Post Occupancy Evaluation (POE) study of a cross section of Indian office buildings purposively stratified across a range of energy intensities with diverse environmental control systems and design approach in different climatic zones to develop an adaptive thermal comfort standard. By climatically adapting indoor design temperatures, the standard will offer India a low-carbon development pathway for its commercial building sector without compromising overall comfort or productivity

Evaluation of environmental design strategies for university buildings

This paper examines the performance of environmental strategies in seven recently constructed or refurbished university buildings in the UK. These buildings contain a range of administrative spaces, classrooms, libraries and studios, reflecting their often complex, multi-use, heterogeneous nature. The key features of each environmental strategy are described (including passive, mixed-mode or active systems), in the context of the occupants and spaces they serve and the level of interaction that they afford. Energy performance and occupant thermal comfort (assessed by user surveys) are analysed and compared with studies of other non-domestic buildings, which have typically focused on more predictable single administrative uses (e.g. government offices), and unusually effective operation scenarios (e.g. continuous monitoring by expert building managers). The paper concludes by examining two of the case studies that reflect an increasingly common model of ‘flexible’ environmental design in more detail, identifying key features of the strategies for each building that have had a significant impact on their performance. The design assumptions leading to these features will be explored, and key lessons identified, contributing towards the development of a more robust evidential basis for choosing appropriate environmental strategies for university and other non-domestic buildings in the UK

Field studies of thermal comfort across multiple climate zones for the subcontinent: India Model for Adaptive Comfort (IMAC)

© 2015 The Authors. India is witnessing unprecedented growth trends in building construction, particularly office spaces. Indian offices are designed to operate at 22.5 ± 1 °C all year round to meet the stringent "Class A" specifications outlined by international standards in the absence of an India-specific comfort standard. This paper proposes an India Model for Adaptive Comfort - IMAC - based on the field surveys administered in 16 buildings in three seasons and five cities, representative of five Indian climate zones. A total of 6330 responses were gathered from naturally ventilated, mixed mode and air-conditioned office buildings using instantaneous thermal comfort surveys.Occupants in naturally ventilated Indian offices were found to be more adaptive than the prevailing ASHRAE and EN models would suggest. According to the IMAC model, neutral temperature in naturally ventilated buildings varies from 19.6 to 28.5 °C for 30-day outdoor running mean air temperatures ranging from 12.5 to 31 °C. This is the first instance where a study proposes a single adaptive model for mixed mode buildings asserting its validity for both naturally ventilated and air-conditioned modes of operation in the building, with neutral temperature varying from 21.5 to 28.7 °C for 13-38.5 °C range of outdoor temperatures. For air-conditioned buildings, Fanger's static PMV model was found to consistently over-predict the sensation on the warmer side of the 7-point sensation scale

Keberlanjutan Sistem Budi Daya Ternak Sapi Perah Pada Peternakan Rakyat Di Kabupaten Bogor

EnglishDairy farming system in Bogor Regency deals with threatening problems. This research aims to assess and to analyze sustainability of dairy farming system of smallholding farms in Bogor Regency. The respondents consisted of dairy farm area (Kunak) and smallholding farms in Cisarua District. Approach used in this study was a rapid appraisal for dairy farm system (Rap-Sibusape) using a multidimensional scaling (MDS) method. Results showed that smallholders in Cisarua and Kunak had index values of system dairy farms sustainability of 51.25 and 54.12, respectively. It indicated that the two areas are quite sustainable. Analysis five sustainable dimensions (ecology, economy, socio-culture, infrastructure technology, and institutional law) showed that ecology was sustainable on Kunak, and economy and socio-culture were not sustainable on both Kunak and dairy farm in Cisarua. Leverage analysis results showed that there were 15 out of 45 attributes influencing the sustainability index system. There were six key factors strongly influenced the system with low dependence among factors, i.e. (i) milk prices, (ii) feed carrying capacity, (iii) development cooperation, (iv) input subsidies, (v) micro finance, and (vi) socialization work. Improving dairy cattle farming in Bogor Regency requires sustainability index value enhancement of 15 sensitive attributes focused on 6 key factors affecting the dairy cattle farming system.IndonesianPeternakan sapi perah di Kabupaten Bogor menghadapi permasalahan yang mengancam keberlanjutan sistem, seperti (i) keterbatasan pakan hijauan, (ii) penurunan jumlah peternak, (iii) rendahnya mutu susu, (iv) penyakit ternak, dan (v) terbatasnya sarana-prasarana agribisnis. Oleh karena itu, perlu dikaji status keberlanjutan sistem peternakan sapi perah di Kabupaten Bogor untuk memperoleh manfaat optimal dari kinerja sistem. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menilai dan menganalisis keberlanjutan sistem peternakan sapi perah rakyat di Kabupaten Bogor yang diwakili oleh Kawasan Usaha Ternak (Kunak) dan peternakan rakyat Cisarua dengan metode rapid appraisal sistem peternakan sapi perah (Rap-Sibusape) menggunakan pendekatan multidimensional scaling (MDS). Penilaian Rap-Sibusape menunjukkan Kunak dan peternakan rakyat Cisarua memiliki rataan nilai indeks keberlanjutan sebesar 51,25 dan 54,12 sehingga berkategori cukup berkelanjutan. Analisis lima dimensi keberlanjutan (ekologi, ekonomi, sosial-budaya, teknologi-infrastruktur, dan hukum-kelembagaan) menunjukkan dimensi ekologi tidak berkelanjutan pada Kunak, dimensi ekonomi dan sosial-budaya tidak berkelanjutan pada Kunak dan peternakan rakyat Cisarua. Analisis leverage menunjukkan terdapat 15 atribut dari 45 atribut berpengaruh terhadap indeks keberlanjutan sistem peternakan sapi perah. Analisis prospektif menunjukkan terdapat 6 faktor kunci berpengaruh kuat terhadap sistem dengan tingkat ketergantungan antarfaktor yang rendah namun berpengaruh besar terhadap sistem. Enam faktor kunci tersebut yakni: (i) harga susu 5 tahun terakhir, (ii) daya dukung pakan, (iii) perkembangan koperasi, (iv) tingkat subsidi input, (v) lembaga keuangan mikro, dan (vi) sosialisasi pekerjaan. Pengembangan sistem peternakan sapi perah Kabupaten Bogor memerlukan peningkatan nilai indeks keberlanjutan melalui pengelolaan dan perbaikan 15 atribut sensitif dengan fokus pada perbaikan 6 faktor kunci yang berpengaruh terhadap sistem peternakan sapi perah

Underwater blast loading of partially submerged sandwich composite materials in relation to air blast loading response

The research presented in this paper focusses on the underwater blast resilience of a hybrid composite sandwich panel, consisting of both glass-fibre and carbon-fibre. The hybrid fibres were selected to optimise strength and stiffness during blast loading by promoting fibre interactions. In the blast experiment, the aim was to capture full-field panel deflection during large-scale underwater blast using high-speed 3D Digital Image Correlation (DIC). The composite sandwich panel was partially submerged and subjected to a 1 kg PE7 charge at 1 m stand-off. The charge was aligned with the centre of the panel at a depth of 275 mm and mimicked the effect of a near-field subsurface mine. The DIC deflection data shows that the horizontal cross-section of the panel deforms in a parabolic shape until excessive deflection causes core shear cracking. The panel then forms the commonly observed “bathtub” deformation shape. DIC data highlighted the expected differences in initial conditions compared to air-blast experiments, including the pre-strains caused by the mass of water (hydrostatic pressure). Furthermore, water depth was shown to significantly influence panel deflection, strain and hence damage sustained under these conditions. Panel deformations and damage after blast was progressively more severe in regions deeper underwater, as pressures were higher and decayed slower compared to regions near the free surface.An identical hybrid composite sandwich panel was subjected to air blast; one panel underwent two 8 kg PE7 charges in succession at 8 m stand-off. DIC was also implemented to record the panel deformations during air blast. The air and underwater blast tests represent two different regimes of blast loading: one far-field in air and one near-field underwater. The difference in deflection development, caused by the differing fluid mediums and stand-off distances, is apparent from the full-field results. During underwater blast the panel underwent peak pressure loading of approximately 52.6 MPa whilst during air blast the panel was subjected to 67.7 kPa followed by 68.9 kPa peak pressure loads in succession. The two experiments demonstrate the response of the same hybrid composite sandwich panel under two differing blast regimes.The post-blast damage and strength of the hybrid panels following air and underwater blasts were evaluated. Post-blast testing revealed that the underwater blast causes significantly more damage compared to air blast, particularly debonding between the skins and core. The air blast panel sustains no visible rear skin/core debonding, whereas 13 regions of rear-face debonds are identified on the underwater blast panel. Sustaining no front-skin breakage was advantageous for retaining a high proportion of the compressive modulus for this hybrid layup following underwater blast. Damage mechanisms were interrelated. Determining the most detrimental type is not straightforward in real explosive and non-idealised experiments, however debonding was understandably shown to be significant. A further study to isolate failure modes and improve in situ instrumentation is ongoing