Often Wrong but Never in Doubt: Categorized Lists Produce Confident False Memories

In the categorized list procedure, subjects study words from semantic categories, then take a recognition test on those items. Subjects are likely to recognize common: high output dominance) category members even when they are not studied. Across three experiments, we sought to extend the categorized list procedure, further develop an explanation of why false recognition of category members occurs in this procedure, and modulate false recognition of category members by manipulating encoding and retrieval phases. Experiment 1 extended previous categorized list research, showing that subjects are likely to false alarm with high confidence to high output dominance category members that were not studied. Experiment 2 attempted to improve subjects’ metacognitive awareness of the deceptive nature of categorized lists by eliminating unrelated lures from the test list. This manipulation decreased the overall false alarm rate, but did not eliminate the relationship between output dominance and false alarm rate. Experiment 3 sought to reduce false recognition by providing subjects additional study and test events on the material. Providing subjects feedback on their tests followed by an additional study period to relearn the material was generally successful in eliminating high confidence false alarms at final test for frequent category members that were not studied. The results converge to imply that: 1) the categorized list procedure is a robust method for investigating false recognition,: 2) false recognition for high output dominance items may be related to source monitoring errors during testing caused by processes at encoding: e.g., Dewhurst, 2001), and: 3) these high confidence false memories are relatively resistant to manipulations intended to minimize them

Sustaining O-gah-pah: An Analysis of Quapaw Language Loss and Preservation

The story of the Quapaw, or Downstream People, and their language is an integral part of both the American Indian experience and the larger, universal tapestry of multilingualism. Despite historical setbacks and contemporary challenges, preserving the virtually extinct Quapaw language adds to the diverse cultural narrative of the Americas and shares a nation’s unique story with the rest of humanity. Consulting linguists, historical records, tribal members, and experts on indigenous studies, this project aims to answer questions concerning the state of the Quapaw tongue: how it arrived at virtual extinction, what is being done to preserve it, and the challenges associated with trying to maintain a dying language. Additionally, this project demonstrates the value of the Quapaw language, as the survival of the Downstream People serves as a powerful reminder of the North American heritage and the culturally unifying forces at the heart of the indigenous identity

Financial Report, 2004

This resource is one among many in the UMSLCAB open dataset at IRL.UMSL.edu/CABhttps://irl.umsl.edu/cab/1353/thumbnail.jp

Is it time for a U.S. Article V Constitutional convention? A brief discussion about American constitutional reform procedure

This article discusses how the United States Constitution Article V Convention can be utilized to amend the constitution. Considering the intense political climate and frequent stagnation in Congress, the Article V convention is an avenue for the fifty U.S. states to spur legislative action without the cooperation of the U.S. Congress.  This paper explores whether an Article V Constitutional Convention could be utilized to start the process to identify and unify critical legislative initiatives amidst the current political climate.  Part II explains the function, process, and historical usage of Article V.  Part III discusses case law developments interpreting Article V.  Part IV examines individual state constitutional conventions and their efficacy.  Part V discuss the arguments for and against an Article V Constitutional Convention