Nutritional status of pre-school children from low income families

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>We evaluated growth and nutritional status of preschool children between 2 and 6 years old from low income families from 14 daycare centers.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Cross-sectional study with 1544 children from daycare centers of Santo Andre, Brazil. Body weight (W), height (H) and body mass index (BMI) were classified according to the 2000 National Center for Health Statistics (CDC/NCHS). Cutoff points for nutritional disorders: -2 z scores and 2.5 and 10 percentiles for malnutrition risk, 85 to 95 percentile for overweight and above BMI 95 percentile for obesity. Stepwise Forward Regression method was used including age, gender, birth weight, breastfeeding duration, age of mother at birth and period of time they attended the daycare center.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Children presented mean z scores of H, W and BMI above the median of the CDC/NCHS reference. Girls were taller and heavier than boys, while we observed similar BMI between both genders. The z scores tended to rise with age. A Pearson Coefficient of Correlation of 0.89 for W, 0.93 for H and 0.95 for BMI was documented indicating positive association of age with weight, height and BMI. The frequency of children below -2 z scores was lower than expected: 1.5% for W, 1.75% for H and 0% for BMI, which suggests that there were no malnourished children. The other extremity of the distribution evidenced prevalence of overweight and obesity of 16.8% and 10.8%, respectively.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Low income preschool children are in an advanced stage of nutritional transition with a high prevalence of overweight.</p

NOMA: A Preventable “Scourge” of African Children

Noma is a serious orofacial gangrene originating intraorally in the gingival-oral mucosa complex before spreading extraorally to produce a visibly destructive ulcer. Although cases of noma are now rarely reported in the developed countries, it is still prevalent among children in third world countries, notably in sub-Sahara Africa, where poverty, ignorance, malnutrition, and preventable childhood infections are still common. This review summarizes historical, epidemiological, management, and research updates on noma with suggestions for its prevention and ultimate global eradication. The global annual incidence remains high at about 140,000 cases, with a mortality rate exceeding 90% for untreated diseases. Where the patients survive, noma defects result in unsightly facial disfigurement, intense scarring, trismus, oral incompetence, and social alienation. Although the etiology has long been held to be infectious, a definitive causal role between microorganisms cited, and noma has been difficult to establish. The management of noma with active disease requires antibiotics followed by reconstructive surgery. Current research efforts are focused towards a comprehensive understanding of the epidemiology, and further elucidation of the microbiology and pathogenesis of noma

Growth Indices, Anemia, and Diet Independently Predict Motor Milestone Acquisition of Infants in South Central Nepal

The acquisition of bipedal locomotion is an important aspect of gross motor development that ultimately impacts the cognition of young children. Evidence for associations between nutrition-related variables and walking acquisition exist; however, questions about the importance of weight-for-length and dietary factors and the independent contribution of anemia and growth on walking remain. We examined the effect of nutritional factors on the acquisition of walking in a cross-sectional cohort of 485 4- to 17-mo Nepali children adjusting for age, sex, caste, and socio-economic status (SES). Participants were identified from census data collected in one village development committee (VDC) in Sarlahi District and enrolled in a cross-sectional, community-based study between January and March 2002. Hemoglobin and erythrocyte protoporphyrin (EP) were measured at baseline using a heel prick technique. The mean hemoglobin concentration was 101 ± 12.5 g/L. 57 % were anemic (hemoglobin < 105 g/L), 2.1% were severely anemic (hemoglobin < 7.0 g/L), and 43% of the children had iron deficiency anemia (hemoglobin < 105 g/L; EP > 90 μmol/mol heme). Growth was delayed; 33.5% were stunted and 20.4% were wasted. Multivariate logistic models that controlled for age, sex, caste, and SES revealed that children with higher length-for-age and weight-for-length Z-scores, no anemia, and meat consumption walked at an earlier age than children with lower scores, anemia, and no meat consumption. We conclude that growth, anemia, and diet are independently associated with delays in the onset of bipedal locomotion among young Nepali children