Energetic solar particle fluxes out to 3 AU during the 7 May 1978 flare event

Simultaneous solar proton flux measurements on IMP 7 and by the world wide neutron monitor network during the May 7, 1978 flare event led to conclusions that in the energy range from 50 MeV to 10 GeV: (1) the propagation of the flare particles in the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) between the Sun and the Earth was nearly scatter free; and (2) therefore, the intensity time (IT) profiles of the solar proton fluxes observed at Earth for about one hour after onset represent the solar injection profiles even to energies as low as 50 MeV. Observations of the IMF at Helios A indicate that the IMF was undisturbed between the Sun and Helios A at the time of the May 7, 1978 flare event; and, therefore, the solar particle propagation was also scatter free from the Sun to Helios A

The business of densification : coping with social challenges under scarce land use conditions in Swiss cities

In many cities globally, there has been renewed interest over the last 30 years in densification as part of wider efforts to combat urban sprawl. Densification is a process leading to an increase in the number of households within existing city boundaries. It is widely assumed to play a decisive role in the sustainable transformation of settlements as it prevents natural resources overuse. However, in daily practice, the implementation of densification objectives proves to be a complex challenge: Within existing city boundaries, different use interests of actors involved, various rules and regulations, veto-rights controlled by power actors, as well as small-scale ownership structures clash at the very same location. The objectives and use interests of different public and private stakeholders are embedded in a tight web of already existing, diverse, and contradictory rights, claims, and duties. For instance, in the urban housing sector on which this thesis focuses on, densification measures are more and more attained through redevelopment of existing housing stocks since free urban greenfield and brownfield areas are overbuilt already. Such an urban renewal process might lead to the loss of affordable living space since real estate stocks are rebuilt and modernized. The result is that lower-income residents living in these apartments are forced to leave the centre for cheaper suburban areas as they can no longer afford a dwelling in recently densified areas. Such a social exclusion scenario is considered highly unsustainable. The point of departure of this thesis is that densification per se does not necessarily lead to sustainable outcomes e.g. in terms of residents’ social inclusion. Rather, how it is planned, implemented, and governed by the actors involved is what matters. The overarching objective is to politicize densification. The goal is to examine the different mechanisms that govern the implementation of densification objectives and its impact on housing uses, actor’s strategies, as well as the impact densification has on social sustainability in housing. One overarching (RQ) and three analytical research questions (SQ) underlie this thesis: RQ: What governance mechanisms lead to socially sustainable housing development in a dense city? SQ1: How do institutional rules affect the outcomes of densification in terms of social sustainability in housing? SQ2: What strategies do actors (owners and non-owners) follow to contribute to socially sustainable housing in a dense city? SQ3: How does the implementation of densification objectives impact social sustainability in housing? To answer these research questions, this thesis combines theories and concepts deriving from new institutionalism and policy ecology. It follows a particular neoinstitutional analysis approach – the one of the Institutional Resource Regime (IRR) – in order to analyse the implementation of densification objectives in depth. The IRR proves to be particularly suitable for joint use situations in which several different users find themselves as rivals (such as in dense urban environments). It also explicitly distinguishes between two main sources of formal rules – public polices and property rights – which simultaneously influence the use and disposal rights of resource use. This thesis moreover follows a qualitative research design. Four Swiss cities are selected for comparative case study analysis as they are currently confronted with challenges of urban densification, urban land scarcity, and rising rents. Two urban core cities – Zurich and Basel – and two suburban cities – Köniz and Kloten. Final results show that in market-based economies, economic, and environmental sustainability are achieved at the expense of the social wellbeing of the disadvantaged groups, even in more welfare-oriented societies such as Switzerland. The emergence of the ‘Business of Densification’ in Switzerland is related to a general shift towards the commodification of housing in many Western societies: the value of housing is more and more considered by its financial value at the expense of its use value. Results demonstrate that to support social sustainability in housing, local governance mechanisms are to be improved by: 1. Counterbalancing the weakness of Swiss federal and cantonal policies (particularly of planning, energy, and tenancy laws) that neglect the social pillar of sustainability in housing. This is to be done by; 2. Introducing and/or activating more socially effective municipal policy instruments such as: – Public control mechanisms of housing finance capital (e.g. municipal housing foundations, public subsidies for non-profit housing associations); – Public control mechanisms of private land (e.g. restrictive zoning in favor of social criteria, provision of building leases to housing cooperatives, or public land acquisition); – Social protection mechanisms for tenants (e.g. eviction controls, rent controls, legalprotection from redevelopment or modernization); – Counteracting the decision-making capacity and resistance power of private property owners through an active municipal land policy strategy. Conclusory, results show that if densification is approached only through a process of “green gentrification” (measures that couple ecologic modernization (energy efficiency) with densification goals), city sustainability will be put at risk. It cannot be achieved by supporting particular economic and environmental aspects at the cost of the social. The diminishing of one sustainability dimension affects the others. However, strategies of decommodification exist even in Switzerland, a state representing the very core of advanced capitalist economies. To promote more decommodified forms of housing, what stakeholders must find are more effective forms of governance (such as active forms of municipal land policy) so that densification processes respond to the needs of the public at large rather than simply catering to private individuals and firms

Brunnian links are determined by their complements

If L_1 and L_2 are two Brunnian links with all pairwise linking numbers 0, then we show that L_1 and L_2 are equivalent if and only if they have homeomorphic complements. In particular, this holds for all Brunnian links with at least three components. If L_1 is a Brunnian link with all pairwise linking numbers 0, and the complement of L_2 is homeomorphic to the complement of L_1, then we show that L_2 may be obtained from L_1 by a sequence of twists around unknotted components. Finally, we show that for any positive integer n, an algorithm for detecting an n-component unlink leads immediately to an algorithm for detecting an unlink of any number of components. This algorithmic generalization is conceptually simple, but probably computationally impractical.Comment: Published by Algebraic and Geometric Topology at http://www.maths.warwick.ac.uk/agt/AGTVol1/agt-1-7.abs.htm

Isolierung, HPLC-Trennung und Quantifizierung der Sesquiterpenfraktion von Petasites hybridus (L.) G. M. et SCH.

A simple and easily reproducible HPLC procedure allows to separate total extracts of Petasites hybridus (L.) G. M. et SCH. and to detect numerous sesquiterpenes (in most cases sesquiterpene esters) of the general formula 1 (isopetasols), 2 (neopetasols), 3 (petasols), 4 (13-substituted isopetasols), and 5 (13-substituted neopetasols). Four so far unknown sesquiterpene esters 2f (neo-S-petasin), 2g ((E)-3-(methylthio)-acryloyl-neopetasol), 3g ((E)-3-(methylthio)-acryloyl-petasol), and 5b (3-desoxy-13-(angeloyloxy)-neopetasol) have been isolated and the contents of the pharmacologically most interesting compounds isopetasin (1b), neopetasin (2b), and petasin (3b), have been quantitatively determined. Additionally two of the basic alcohols petasol and isopetasol have been detected for the first time in small amounts in roots of P. hybridus

Performance of the engineering analysis and data system 2 common file system

The Engineering Analysis and Data System (EADS) was used from April 1986 to July 1993 to support large scale scientific and engineering computation (e.g. computational fluid dynamics) at Marshall Space Flight Center. The need for an updated system resulted in a RFP in June 1991, after which a contract was awarded to Cray Grumman. EADS II was installed in February 1993, and by July 1993 most users were migrated. EADS II is a network of heterogeneous computer systems supporting scientific and engineering applications. The Common File System (CFS) is a key component of this system. The CFS provides a seamless, integrated environment to the users of EADS II including both disk and tape storage. UniTree software is used to implement this hierarchical storage management system. The performance of the CFS suffered during the early months of the production system. Several of the performance problems were traced to software bugs which have been corrected. Other problems were associated with hardware. However, the use of NFS in UniTree UCFM software limits the performance of the system. The performance issues related to the CFS have led to a need to develop a greater understanding of the CFS organization. This paper will first describe the EADS II with emphasis on the CFS. Then, a discussion of mass storage systems will be presented, and methods of measuring the performance of the Common File System will be outlined. Finally, areas for further study will be identified and conclusions will be drawn

Performance evaluation of the Engineering Analysis and Data Systems (EADS) 2

The Engineering Analysis and Data System (EADS)II (1) was installed in March 1993 to provide high performance computing for science and engineering at Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC). EADS II increased the computing capabilities over the existing EADS facility in the areas of throughput and mass storage. EADS II includes a Vector Processor Compute System (VPCS), a Virtual Memory Compute System (CFS), a Common Output System (COS), as well as Image Processing Station, Mini Super Computers, and Intelligent Workstations. These facilities are interconnected by a sophisticated network system. This work considers only the performance of the VPCS and the CFS. The VPCS is a Cray YMP. The CFS is implemented on an RS 6000 using the UniTree Mass Storage System. To better meet the science and engineering computing requirements, EADS II must be monitored, its performance analyzed, and appropriate modifications for performance improvement made. Implementing this approach requires tool(s) to assist in performance monitoring and analysis. In Spring 1994, PerfStat 2.0 was purchased to meet these needs for the VPCS and the CFS. PerfStat(2) is a set of tools that can be used to analyze both historical and real-time performance data. Its flexible design allows significant user customization. The user identifies what data is collected, how it is classified, and how it is displayed for evaluation. Both graphical and tabular displays are supported. The capability of the PerfStat tool was evaluated, appropriate modifications to EADS II to optimize throughput and enhance productivity were suggested and implemented, and the effects of these modifications on the systems performance were observed. In this paper, the PerfStat tool is described, then its use with EADS II is outlined briefly. Next, the evaluation of the VPCS, as well as the modifications made to the system are described. Finally, conclusions are drawn and recommendations for future worked are outlined

Some characteristics of the solar flare event of February 16, 1984

In the morning of February 16, 1984 a solar cosmic ray event (GLE) was recorded by the world wide network of neutron monitors (NM). The counting rate vs. time profile of the Goose Bay NM (geog. lat. = 53.3 deg. N, deog. long. = 299.6 deg E) where the increase is expressed as percent of the counting rate of an equatorial sea level NM is presented. The Goose Bay NM was observed to have the maximum response to the solar particles. Its counting rate vs. time profile exhibits a rapid increase to maximum, has a large amplitude (approx. 170%) and decays rapidly to background in approx. 90 min. In Fig. 1 we also show the counting rate vs. time profile for the Tixie Bay NM (71.6 deg, 128.9 deg) which recorded an increase of only a few percent. Since the NMs at Goose Bay and Tixie Bay have asymptotic viewing directions approx. 180 deg apart in longitude, the anisotropy of the solar particle flux at Earth from these stations

Planning with power. Implementing urban densification policies in Zurich, Switzerland

This article contributes to the debate on power in planning. It builds on recent developments linked with the so- called new institutional turn in planning. By bridging planning, new institutionalism, and power, the article ambitions to (1) develop a conceptual framework that captures the role of power in concrete spatial development projects, and (2) illustrate the potential of this framework with a real-life example of contested urban redevel- opment in Zurich, Switzerland. The proposed framework provides a different picture of urban densification processes which are typically presented as eco-friendly and sustainable initiatives. Through its impact on the built environment and on existing rights and interests, redevelopment for urban densification creates not only winners, but also losers, especially among those inhabitants who cannot afford the higher rent following rede- velopment in favor of density. Due to its conflictual nature, densification is therefore an ideal subject to study power in planning