1,393 research outputs found
EPOC en la mujer
The prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is increasing
worldwide, mainly due to the increase in women. In developed countries, COPD in
women is mainly a result of exposure to tobacco smoke and in developing countries
to inhalation of biomass combustion products. Underdiagnosis of COPD is more
common in women since this disease has classically been associated with men.
Moreover, COPD in women shows certain differential features, such as a greater
expression of aspects related to perception (dyspnea and health-related quality
of life), a high prevalence of malnutrition, anxiety and depression, and a
distinct distribution of emphysema from that in men. Better phenotypical
characterization of COPD in women would allow its impact on the health system to
be more accurately evaluated and more individualized therapeutic strategies to be
designe
Radiologic features of small pulmonary nodules detected in initially negative screening CT examinations: a step towards personalized screening strategies?
Results of the National Lung Screening Trial (NLST)
have invigorated the discussion around performing lung
cancer screening using low-dose computed tomography
(LDCT) of the chest. The NLST trial demonstrated a
clear benefit of LDCT screening in reducing lung cancer
and all-cause mortality, by showing reduced lung cancer
mortality in high-risk individuals by about 20%, and allcause mortality by 6.7%, compared to a control group of
subjects receiving chest radiographs
Magnetic phenomena in 5d transition metal nanowires
We have carried out fully relativistic full-potential, spin-polarized,
all-electron density-functional calculations for straight, monatomic nanowires
of the 5d transition and noble metals Os, Ir, Pt and Au. We find that, of these
metal nanowires, Os and Pt have mean-field magnetic moments for values of the
bond length at equilibrium. In the case of Au and Ir, the wires need to be
slightly stretched in order to spin polarize. An analysis of the band
structures of the wires indicate that the superparamagnetic state that our
calculations suggest will affect the conductance through the wires -- though
not by a large amount -- at least in the absence of magnetic domain walls. It
should thus lead to a characteristic temperature- and field dependent
conductance, and may also cause a significant spin polarization of the
transmitted current.Comment: 7 pages, 5 figure
Diagnostic yield of electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy is highly dependent on the presence of a Bronchus sign on CT imaging: results from a prospective study
Electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy (ENB) has been developed as a
novel ancillary tool for the bronchoscopic diagnosis of pulmonary nodules.
Despite successful navigation in 90% of patients, ENB diagnostic yield does not
generally exceed 70%. We sought to determine whether the presence of a bronchus
sign on CT imaging conditions diagnostic yield of ENB and might account for the
discrepancy between successful navigation and diagnostic yield. METHODS: We
conducted a prospective, single-center study of ENB in 51 consecutive patients
with pulmonary nodules. ENB was chosen as the least invasive diagnostic technique
in patients with a high surgical risk, suspected metastatic disease, or
advanced-stage disease, or in those who demanded a preoperative diagnosis prior
to undergoing curative resection. We studied patient and technical variables that
might condition diagnostic yield, including size, cause, location, distance to
the pleural surface, and fluorodeoxyglucose uptake of a given nodule; the
presence of a bronchus sign on CT imaging; registration point divergence; and the
minimum distance from the tip of the locatable guide to the nodule measured
during the procedure. RESULTS: The diagnostic yield of ENB was 67% (34/51). The
sensitivity and specificity of ENB for malignancy in this study were 71% and
100%, respectively. ENB was diagnostic in 79% (30/38) patients with a bronchus
sign on CT imaging but only in 4/13 (31%) with no discernible bronchus sign.
Univariate analysis identified the bronchus sign (P = .005) and nodule size (P =
.04) as statistically significant variables conditioning yield, but on
multivariate analysis, only the bronchus sign remained significant (OR, 7.6; 95%
CI, 1.8-31.7). No procedure-related complications were observed. CONCLUSIONS: ENB
diagnostic yield is highly dependent on the presence of a bronchus sign on CT
imaging
Self-assembled hyaluronan nanocapsules for the intracellular delivery of anticancer drugs
Preparation of sophisticated delivery systems for nanomedicine applications generally involve multi-step procedures using organic solvents. In this study, we have developed a simple self-assembling process to prepare docetaxel-loaded hyaluronic acid (HA) nanocapsules by using a self-emulsification process without the need of organic solvents, heat or high shear forces. These nanocapsules, which comprise an oily core and a shell consisting of an assembly of surfactants and hydrophobically modified HA, have a mean size of 130 nm, a zeta potential of −20 mV, and exhibit high docetaxel encapsulation efficiency. The nanocapsules exhibited an adequate stability in plasma. Furthermore, in vitro studies performed using A549 lung cancer cells, showed effective intracellular delivery of docetaxel. On the other hand, blank nanocapsules showed very low cytotoxicity. Overall, these results highlight the potential of self-emulsifying HA nanocapsules for intracellular drug delivery
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) as a disease of early aging: Evidence from the EpiChron Cohort
Background Aging is an important risk factor for most chronic diseases. Patients with COPD develop more comorbidities than non-COPD subjects. We hypothesized that the development of comorbidities characteristically affecting the elderly occur at an earlier age in subjects with the diagnosis of COPD. Methods and findings We included all subjects carrying the diagnosis of COPD (n = 27, 617), and a similar number of age and sex matched individuals without the diagnosis, extracted from the 727, 241 records of individuals 40 years and older included in the EpiChron Cohort (Aragon, Spain). We compared the cumulative number of comorbidities, their prevalence and the mortality risk between both groups. Using network analysis, we explored the connectivity between comorbidities and the most influential comorbidities in both groups. We divided the groups into 5 incremental age categories and compared their comorbidity networks. We then selected those comorbidities known to affect primarily the elderly and compared their prevalence across the 5 age groups. In addition, we replicated the analysis in the smokers'' subgroup to correct for the confounding effect of cigarette smoking. Subjects with COPD had more comorbidities and died at a younger age compared to controls. Comparison of both cohorts across 5 incremental age groups showed that the number of comorbidities, the prevalence of diseases characteristic of aging and network''s density for the COPD group aged 56-65 were similar to those of non-COPD 15 to 20 years older. The findings persisted after adjusting for smoking. Conclusion Multimorbidity increases with age but in patients carrying the diagnosis of COPD, these comorbidities are seen at an earlier age
Emphysema presence, severity, and distribution has little impact on the clinical presentation of a cohort of patients with mild to moderate COPD
Phenotypic characterization of patients with COPD may have potential
prognostic and therapeutic implications. Available information on the
relationship between emphysema and the clinical presentation in patients with
COPD is limited to advanced stages of the disease. The objective of this study
was to describe emphysema presence, severity, and distribution and its impact on
clinical presentation of patients with mild to moderate COPD. METHODS: One
hundred fifteen patients with COPD underwent clinical and chest CT scan
evaluation for the presence, severity, and distribution of emphysema. Patients
with and without emphysema and with different forms of emphysema distribution
(upper/lower/core/peel) were compared. The impact of emphysema severity and
distribution on clinical presentation was determined. RESULTS: Fifty percent of
the patients had mild homogeneously distributed emphysema (1.84; 0.76%-4.77%).
Upper and core zones had the more severe degree of emphysema. Patients with
emphysema were older, more frequently men, and had lower FEV(1)%, higher total
lung capacity percentage, and lower diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon
monoxide. No differences were found between the clinical or physiologic
parameters of the different emphysema distributions. CONCLUSIONS: In patients
with mild to moderate COPD, although the presence of emphysema has an impact on
physiologic presentation, its severity and distribution seem to have little
impact on clinical presentation
Nocturnal Hypoxemia and CT Determined Pulmonary Artery Enlargement in Smokers
Background: Pulmonary artery enlargement (PAE) detected using chest computed tomography (CT) is associated with poor outcomes in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It is unknown whether nocturnal hypoxemia occurring in smokers, with or without COPD, obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) or their overlap, may be associated with PAE assessed by chest CT.
Methods: We analysed data from two prospective cohort studies that enrolled 284 smokers in lung cancer screening programs and completing baseline home sleep studies and chest CT scans. Main pulmonary artery diameter (PAD) and the ratio of the PAD to that of the aorta (PA:Ao ratio) were measured. PAE was defined as a PAD >= 29 mm in men and >= 27 mm in women or as a PA:Ao ratio > 0.9. We evaluated the association of PAE with baseline characteristics using multivariate logistic models.
Results: PAE prevalence was 27% as defined by PAD measurements and 11.6% by the PA:Ao ratio. A body mass index >= 30 kg/m(2) (OR 2.01; 95%CI 1.06-3.78), lower % predicted of forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) (OR 1.03; 95%CI 1.02-1.05) and higher % of sleep time with O-2 saturation < 90% (T90) (OR 1.02; 95%CI 1.00-1.03), were associated with PAE as determined by PAD. However, only T90 remained significantly associated with PAE as defined by the PA:Ao ratio (OR 1.02; 95%CI 1.01-1.03). In the subset group without OSA, only T90 remains associated with PAE, whether defined by PAD measurement (OR 1.02; 95%CI 1.01-1.03) or PA:Ao ratio (OR 1.04; 95%CI 1.01-1.07).
Conclusions: In smokers with or without COPD, nocturnal hypoxemia was associated with PAE independently of OSA coexistence
Sex differences in mortality in patients with COPD
Little is known about survival and clinical prognostic factors in females with chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The aim of the present study was to determine the
survival difference between males and females with COPD and to compare the value of the
different prognostic factors for the disease.
In total, 265 females and 272 males with COPD matched at baseline by BODE (body mass index,
airflow obstruction, dyspnoea, exercise capacity) and American Thoracic Society/European
Respiratory Society/Global Initiative of Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease criteria were
prospectively followed. Demographics, lung function, St George’s Respiratory Questionnaire,
BODE index, the components of the BODE index and comorbidity were determined. Survival was
documented and sex differences were determined using Kaplan–Meier analysis. The strength of
the association of the studied variables with mortality was determined using multivariate and
receiver operating curves analysis.
All-cause (40 versus 18%) and respiratory mortality (24 versus 10%) were higher in males than
females. Multivariate analysis identified the BODE index in females and the BODE index and
Charlson comorbidity score in males as the best predictors of mortality. The area under the curve
of the BODE index was a better predictor of mortality than the forced expiratory volume in one
second for both sexes.
At similar chronic obstructive pulmonary disease severity by BODE index and forced expiratory
volume in one second, females have significantly better survival than males. For both sexes the
BODE index is a better predictor of survival than the forced expiratory volume in one second
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