Anomalieë in die geskiedenis van die Griekse Wysbegeerte

Die geskiedskrywing van die wysbegeerte is sowel ’n saak van historiese aanvoeling as van metodologiese geskooldheid. Sistematies aangelegde wysgere kan selde meer as ’n rasiona- listiese maakwerk van die geskiedenis tot stand bring by ge- brek aan daardie aanvoelingsvermoë wat enkel in ’n beperkte mate leerbaar is. ’n Mens besit daardie gawe of besit dit nie, net soos vir die een verstand vir die logika en vir die ander een vir die etiek voorbestem is. Daarom is ’n bepaalde „genia liteit” (die woord in etimologiese sin, nie in aksiologiese sin opgevat nie) ’n algemene voorvereiste om die lewe, ook die lewe van gedagtes te rekonstrueer. Gedagtes leef immers in die gees van mense en nie daarbuite as selfstandige wesens nie, en mense is voorasnog nie elektroniese masjienes, rasionalis- tiese of wiskundige deduksies of rasionalistiese formules nie. Daarbenewens veronderstel die geskiedenis ook metode, en metode is op sy beurt nie iets wat ’n mens somaar uit ’n pocket-boekie kan leer nie, maar wat spontaan uit die per- soonlike lewens- en werkervaring van die historikus self ont- staan en daardeur aan voortdurende korreksie blootgestel is. En dit lei tot ’n tweevoudige resultaat, eerstens dat ’n lewe van historiese ondersoek die enigste grondslag kan wees om met ’n ernstige kennis van sake oor die metode en sy veeler- hande vraagstukke te kan praat en tweedens dat die historikus gewoonlik gedurende die grootste gedeelte van sy historiogra- fiese loopbaan verplig word om met metodes te werk wat hy met verloop van tyd meer as een keer sal wysig

Comparative Pathogenesis of an Avian H5N2 and a Swine H1N1 Influenza Virus in Pigs

Pigs are considered intermediate hosts for the transmission of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) to humans but the basic organ pathogenesis of AIVs in pigs has been barely studied. We have used 42 four-week-old influenza naive pigs and two different inoculation routes (intranasal and intratracheal) to compare the pathogenesis of a low pathogenic (LP) H5N2 AIV with that of an H1N1 swine influenza virus. The respiratory tract and selected extra-respiratory tissues were examined for virus replication by titration, immunofluorescence and RT-PCR throughout the course of infection. Both viruses caused a productive infection of the entire respiratory tract and epithelial cells in the lungs were the major target. Compared to the swine virus, the AIV produced lower virus titers and fewer antigen positive cells at all levels of the respiratory tract. The respiratory part of the nasal mucosa in particular showed only rare AIV positive cells and this was associated with reduced nasal shedding of the avian compared to the swine virus. The titers and distribution of the AIV varied extremely between individual pigs and were strongly affected by the route of inoculation. Gross lung lesions and clinical signs were milder with the avian than with the swine virus, corresponding with lower viral loads in the lungs. The brainstem was the single extra-respiratory tissue found positive for virus and viral RNA with both viruses. Our data do not reject the theory of the pig as an intermediate host for AIVs, but they suggest that AIVs need to undergo genetic changes to establish full replication potential in pigs. From a biomedical perspective, experimental LP H5 AIV infection of pigs may be useful to examine heterologous protection provided by H5 vaccines or other immunization strategies, as well as for further studies on the molecular pathogenesis and neurotropism of AIVs in mammals

The Moral Duty of Self-Preservation

UIDB/00183/2020 UIDP/00183/2020This chapter provides an in-depth examination of Kant’s view of suicide. After a contextualization of Kant’s prohibition of suicide (§2.1), seven different arguments against the moral permissibility of suicide are identified: three from the Lectures on Ethics (§2.2) and four from the published writings (§2.3). Each argument is presented (with possible variations) and explained. Strengths and flaws are pointed out, and possible objections and counter-objections are discussed, taking into consideration the abundant bibliography on the subject. The conclusion is that, against a recent trend in secondary literature, which tends to read Kant as justifying not only a right, but even a duty to suicide, Kant does not allow for any exception to his strict prohibition of suicide.authorsversionpublishe

A review of modelling methodologies for flood source area (FSA) identification

Flooding is an important global hazard that causes an average annual loss of over 40 billion USD and affects a population of over 250 million globally. The complex process of flooding depends on spatial and temporal factors such as weather patterns, topography, and geomorphology. In urban environments where the landscape is ever-changing, spatial factors such as ground cover, green spaces, and drainage systems have a significant impact. Understanding source areas that have a major impact on flooding is, therefore, crucial for strategic flood risk management (FRM). Although flood source area (FSA) identification is not a new concept, its application is only recently being applied in flood modelling research. Continuous improvements in the technology and methodology related to flood models have enabled this research to move beyond traditional methods, such that, in recent years, modelling projects have looked beyond affected areas and recognised the need to address flooding at its source, to study its influence on overall flood risk. These modelling approaches are emerging in the field of FRM and propose innovative methodologies for flood risk mitigation and design implementation; however, they are relatively under-examined. In this paper, we present a review of the modelling approaches currently used to identify FSAs, i.e. unit flood response (UFR) and adaptation-driven approaches (ADA). We highlight their potential for use in adaptive decision making and outline the key challenges for the adoption of such approaches in FRM practises

Brünner (E.R.J.). De Bagdadspoorweg. Bijdrage tot de kennis omtrent het optreden der mogendheden in Turkije (1888-1908).

De Vleeschauwer H. J. Brünner (E.R.J.). De Bagdadspoorweg. Bijdrage tot de kennis omtrent het optreden der mogendheden in Turkije (1888-1908). . In: Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire, tome 36, fasc. 3, 1958. Langues et littératures modernes — Moderne talen en letterkunden. pp. 1014-1017

La genèse de la méthode mathématique de Wolf. Contribution à l'histoire des idées au XVIIIè siècle

De Vleeschauwer H. J. La genèse de la méthode mathématique de Wolf. Contribution à l'histoire des idées au XVIIIè siècle. In: Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire, tome 11, fasc. 3-4, 1932. pp. 651-677

L'année 1771 dans l'histoire de la pensée de Kant (suite)

De Vleeschauwer H. J. L'année 1771 dans l'histoire de la pensée de Kant (suite). In: Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire, tome 14, fasc. 1, 1935. pp. 49-83