La criminalità organizzata in El Salvador: l’evoluzione delle gang tra controllo territoriale e desapariciones

Il presente articolo esamina alcuni dei principali effetti dell’implementazione delle politiche anti-maras in El Salvador. In questo contesto, si evidenzieranno le complesse trasformazioni avvenute all’interno delle gang e, in particolare, dell’organizzazione criminale della Mara Salvatrucha: il consolidamento e l’espansione del controllo territoriale e la professionalizzazione nell’esercizio della violenza, con un focus sul fenomeno della desaparición, vera e propria emergenza umanitaria nazionale

Organized crime in El Salvador: the evolution of gangs between territorial control and desapariciones

Il presente articolo esamina alcuni dei principali effetti dell’implementazione delle politiche anti-maras in El Salvador. In questo contesto, si evidenzieranno le complesse trasformazioni avvenute all’interno delle gang e, in particolare, dell’organizzazione criminale della Mara Salvatrucha: il consolidamento e l’espansione del controllo territoriale e la professionalizzazione nell’esercizio della violenza, con un focus sul fenomeno della desaparición, vera e propria emergenza umanitaria nazionale.This article examines some of the main effects of the implementation of anti-maras policies in El Salvador. In this context, it will highlight the complex transformations that have taken place within the gangs and, in particular, within the criminal organisation of the Mara Salvatrucha: the consolidation and expansion of territorial control and the professionalization of the exercise of violence, with a focus on the phenomenon of desaparición, a true national humanitarian emergency

Escenarios actuales del crimen organizado: factores contextuales y perspectivas teóricas

La grave crisis de inseguridad y derechos humanos del México contemporáneo exige a la academia un análisis profundo del fenómeno del crimen organizado, informado por experiencias internacionales y sensible a su naturaleza dual en tanto fenómeno con fuerte arraigo local que, simultáneamente, es indisociable de los flujos de la economía global. Sobre ese trasfondo, en marzo de 2023 se celebró en El Colegio de México el seminario “Diálogos desde las fronteras del crimen organizado. Crimen organizado, derechos y pobreza educativa”, con la colaboración de la Universidad de Milán, la Embajada de Italia en México, la Pontificia Academia Mariana Internacional, el Instituto Mexicano para la Justicia y el Museo Memoria y Tolerancia. En el seminario, académicos, analistas y funcionarios examinaron la penetración del crimen organizado en la vida política, social y económica de México y de otros países latinoamericanos, con especial atención a los paralelismos y aprendizajes que se desprenden de la experiencia italiana. En Italia, como hoy en México, la histórica imbricación del fenómeno criminal en las relaciones económicas y sociales ha confrontado al Estado, a las elites políticas y a la sociedad civil con la necesidad de poner en marcha procesos extraordinarios de memoria, verdad, impartición de justicia y reconstrucción institucional. Por la vigencia del tema tratado y la introducción de perspectivas analíticas útiles para estudiar la dinámica criminal y sus implicaciones, se reproducen, a continuación, tres ponencias presentadas en el seminario. En la primera, Nando dalla Chiesa, destacado sociólogo, intelectual, profesor de la Universidad de Milán y figura emblemática del movimiento contra la mafia italiana, presenta tres formas de aproximarse al estudio de la dinámica criminal a nivel internacional, incluyendo el proceso de multiplicación de organizaciones criminales a nivel global, la proliferación de ejércitos mercenarios y fuerzas paramilitares y la creciente interconexión entre el crimen y el terrorismo político. Dalla Chiesa agrega a ellas una reflexión sobre las dificultades al tratar de distinguir la actividad criminal del resto de la interacción económica y social. Fenómenos como el lavado de dinero vuelven cada vez más permeables las fronteras entre sociedad y crimen, economía formal e informal, empresarios y criminales, legalidad e ilegalidad. En la segunda ponencia, Annaclara De Tuglie reflexiona sobre los niveles de análisis en el estudio del crimen organizado, desde un enfoque “macro” que aborda los componentes geopolíticos y transnacionales del fenómeno (como la migración, los flujos de capital hacia paraísos fiscales, entre otros) hasta el nivel “micro”, que se concentra, en cambio, en las experiencias individuales y locales frente al crimen y las condiciones que facilitan su reproducción. Finalmente, aprovechando las herramientas analíticas discutidas en las otras ponencias, Thomas Aureliani ofrece un retrato del fenómeno de desaparición de personas en México, a partir de su propio trabajo de campo y de testimonios de familiares de víctimas de un delito que expresa, con toda crudeza, la crisis de estatalidad y derechos humanos que ensombrece al país

characterization of the 8 kbp region of the mtdnas of several cytoplasm male sterile sunflower lines coding for atpa and orf522 genes

ABSTRACTThe characterization of the region of mtDNA coiling for atpA and orf522 genes in several different isogenic couples of fertile and male-sterile sunflower lines reveals that the rearrangements occurred in all the male-sterile lines are identical. The only segment of the 5 khp insert of the CMS89 line which is transcribed in flowers at different developmental stages is part of the orf522 gene. A possible nuclear origin of the 5 kbp insert is proposed

Ramp-rate control for power quality improvement of renewable grid-integrated microgrid with hybrid energy storage system

This paper demonstrates an enhancement of power quality for a photovoltaic (PV) system connected to the grid with a hybrid energy storage system (HESS). The proposed system utilizes a ramp-rate control (RRC) strategy to limit severe fluctuations in the PV power output. Battery storage is integrated to store surplus energy generated by the PV system and is used for continuous power application. A high-power density device, known as a supercapacitor (SC), is employed to mitigate transient fluctuations in the battery. The proposed system facilitates smooth PV power generation, stabilizes the DC bus voltage (VDC), and eliminates source current harmonics induced by non-linear loads. The Shunt Active Power Filter (SAPF) discussed in this paper serves two primary purposes. Firstly, it acts as a reactive power buffer, smoothing out fluctuations and reducing current harmonic distortions. Secondly, it enables active power injection into the grid, utilizing a specific renewable solar PV source. The efficiency of the modeled compensation system is demonstrated by the sinusoidal shape of the current and the compensation of reactive power (RPC). The targeted system showcases the effectiveness of the current setup by exhibiting low total harmonic distortion (THD). The multifunctional features of the proposed system were implemented using the MATLAB/Simulink software, and the results were validated using an OP5700 Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) test bench. This integration of distributed power generation capabilities not only enhances the overall power quality but also improves the efficient utilization of renewable energy resources (RESs)

An overview of grid-edge control with the digital transformation

Distribution networks are evolving to become more responsive with increasing integration of distributed energy resources (DERs) and digital transformation at the grid edges. This evolution imposes many challenges to the operation of the network, which then calls for new control and operation paradigms. Among others, a so-called grid-edge control is emerging to harmonise the coexistence of the grid control system and DER’s autonomous control. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the grid-edge control with various control architectures, layers, and strategies. The challenges and opportunities for such an approach at the grid edge with the integration of DERs and digital transformation are summarised. The potential solutions to support the network operation by using the inherent controllability of DER and the availability of the digital transformation at the grid edges are discussed

Progettazione e Sviluppo di una Web app per la fruizione dei percorsi escursionistici della regione Emilia-Romagna

Questa tesi presenta un'applicazione web sviluppata per migliorare l'esperienza degli escursionisti nella regione Emilia-Romagna, sfruttando i concetti di Digital Twin, Digital Shadow e Digital Thread. La piattaforma consente agli utenti di esplorare e pianificare percorsi escursionistici, contribuendo anche attivamente attraverso l'aggiunta di informazioni sui punti di interesse. La tesi analizza in dettaglio questi concetti e le tecnologie utilizzate per lo sviluppo, offrendo uno sguardo approfondito sulla progettazione e l'implementazione dell'applicazione. Una parte di questa tesi presenta le schermate e le funzionalità dell'applicazione, evidenziando le sfide tecniche affrontate. La versatilità della piattaforma permette potenziali estensioni a livello globale e l'implementazione di funzionalità di geolocalizzazione avanzate, aprendo prospettive di trasformazione in un social network per gli amanti delle escursioni

Violenza e ruoli di genere: la condizione delle donne nel mondo violento delle gang salvadoregne

Il presente articolo si propone indagare, secondo una prospettiva di genere, l’esperienza vissuta dalle donne all’interno delle maras a partire da uno sguardo più ampio sulla loro condizione nella società salvadoregna, sottolineando come l’assenza di protezione istituzionale e sostegno nei loro confronti possa rappresentare un elemento di debolezza anche nel contrasto alla criminalità organizzata.This article aims to investigate, from a gender perspective, the experience lived by women within the maras from a broader look at their status in Salvadoran society, pointing out how the absence of institutional protection and support towards them can also be an element of weakness in the fight against organized crime

PV plants performance analysis under mutable operating condition

This paper investigates the performances of PV plant installed in Southern Italy under mutable environmental conditions. This analysis has been performed on a measurement campaign, demonstrating how the performances of the PV system are influenced by the variability of solar irradiance. In fact, the more the irradiance level is high, the more will be the corresponding joule and thermal losses affecting the whole system. This evidence demonstrates the inadequacy of evaluation methods requiring a single instantaneous experimental verification of the minimum efficiency level used, for instance, for functional testing of photovoltaic systems