Coercivity behavior in Gd(Co1−xCux)5 system as function of the microstructureevolution

AbstractMagnetic measurements, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) experiments were carried out in the as-cast Gd(Co1−xCux)5 samples with different Co/Cu content. Already in the as cast state, this system shows high coercive field for x=0.3 and a magnetization driven by nucleation of reversal domain. SEM micrograph and microanalysis show possible spinodal decomposition in the as-cast state, hence regions with different Co/Cu-content are observed, while the Gd-content almost does not change. High resolution X-ray diffraction patterns show a main CaCu5-type structure with traces of a secondary phase and distorted peak profiles as function of the Cu content. The evolution of the microstructure is discussed in relation with the Cu incorporation into the CaCu5-type structure. The Cu addition avoids the formation of the 2:7 phase within the 1:5 matrix, favoring the formation of a more homogeneous Gd(Co,Cu)5 phase. The relation between the observed microstructure and the magnetic behavior is also discussed

Nanometric Particle Size And Phase Controlled Synthesis And Characterization Of γ-fe2o3 Or (α + γ)-fe2o3 By A Modified Sol-gel Method

Fe2O3 nanoparticles with sizes ranging from 15 to 53 nm were synthesized by a modified sol-gel method. Maghemite particles as well as particles with admixture of maghemite and hematite were obtained and characterized by XRD, FTIR, UV-Vis photoacoustic and Mössbauer spectroscopy, TEM, and magnetic measurements. The size and hematite/maghemite ratio of the nanoparticles were controlled by changing the Fe:PVA (poly (vinyl alcohol)) monomeric unit ratio used in the medium reaction (1:6, 1:12, 1:18, and 1:24). The average size of the nanoparticles decreases, and the maghemite content increases with increasing PVA amount until 1:18 ratio. The maghemite and hematite nanoparticles showed cubic and hexagonal morphology, respectively. Direct band gap energy were 1.77 and 1.91 eV for A6 and A18 samples. Zero-field-cooling-field-cooling curves show that samples present superparamagnetic behavior. 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Desempenho agronômico de plantas de cobertura usadas na proteção do solo no período de pousio

O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar espécies com alta produção de fitomassa, para proteção do solo no período de pousio. O experimento foi realizado com três espécies da família Leguminosae e três da família Poaceae, de 2009 a 2010, na área experimental do campus da Universidade Federal de Lavras, Minas Gerais. As espécies avaliadas foram: crotalária anagiroide (Crotalaria anagyroides), feijão‑de‑porco (Canavalia ensiformis), guandu‑anão (Cajanus cajan), aveia‑preta (Avena strigosa), sorgo (Sorghum bicolor) e milheto (Pennisetum glaucum), semeadas em cultivo solteiro e consorciado. O feijão‑de‑porco e o sorgo apresentaram as maiores taxas de cobertura do solo em cultivo solteiro, enquanto o milheto apresentou a menor. O sorgo, em cultivo solteiro e consorciado com feijão‑de‑porco e guandu‑anão, apresenta a maior produção de matéria verde e matéria seca, enquanto o guandu‑anão apresenta a menor produção de matéria verde, e a crotalária anagiroide, a menor produção de matéria seca. Por ocasião da implantação da cultura comercial, o tratamento que proporcionou a maior quantidade de palha sobre o solo foi o consórcio entre feijão‑de‑porco e sorgo

Evidence for a mixed mass composition at the `ankle' in the cosmic-ray spectrum

We report a first measurement for ultra-high energy cosmic rays of the correlation between the depth of shower maximum and the signal in the water Cherenkov stations of air-showers registered simultaneously by the fluorescence and the surface detectors of the Pierre Auger Observatory. Such a correlation measurement is a unique feature of a hybrid air-shower observatory with sensitivity to both the electromagnetic and muonic components. It allows an accurate determination of the spread of primary masses in the cosmic-ray flux. Up till now, constraints on the spread of primary masses have been dominated by systematic uncertainties. The present correlation measurement is not affected by systematics in the measurement of the depth of shower maximum or the signal in the water Cherenkov stations. The analysis relies on general characteristics of air showers and is thus robust also with respect to uncertainties in hadronic event generators. The observed correlation in the energy range around the `ankle' at $\lg(E/{\rm eV})=18.5-19.0$ differs significantly from expectations for pure primary cosmic-ray compositions. A light composition made up of proton and helium only is equally inconsistent with observations. The data are explained well by a mixed composition including nuclei with mass $A > 4$. Scenarios such as the proton dip model, with almost pure compositions, are thus disfavoured as the sole explanation of the ultrahigh-energy cosmic-ray flux at Earth.Comment: Published version. Added journal reference and DOI. Added Report Numbe