En jämförelse mellan Försvarsmaktsanpassad och produktionsinriktad skogsskötsel

Skog har länge spelat en viktig roll för en stats förmåga att förbli självständig. Genom historien har skogen som råvara gjort det möjligt att tillverka materiel som har nyttjats i nationers försvar. På senare tid har trä blivit mindre viktig som råvara i tillverkningsprocesser, men för Sveriges försvar finns skogens betydelse som potentiellt slagfält kvar. Fortifikationsverket är en myndighet som förvaltar infrastruktur av betydelse för totalförsvaret, där övnings- och skjutfält är en stor del av det markinnehavet som förvaltas. Fortifikationsverket tar i sin skogsskötsel hänsyn till den verksamhet som Försvarsmakten bedriver på övnings- och skjutfälten. Denna undersökning syftar till att svara på två frågor; dels vilka skötselanpassningar som vidtas på Rinkabyfältet för att möta Försvarsmaktens behov samt dels hur dessa skötselanpassningar påverkar volymproduktionen på fältet. I undersökningen har ett teoretiskt referensskogsbruk legat till grund för jämförelsen mot det Försvarsmaktsanpassade skogsbruket. Heureka PlanVis har nyttjats till analyserna och Rinkabyfältet, beläget på Skånes östkust, har med sina 100 skogsbestånd och 573 hektar skogsmark legat till grund för undersökningen. Först fastställdes skötselanpassningarna för att därefter matcha anpassningarna med inställningar i Heureka PlanVis och till sist genomfördes analyserna samt jämförelsen med referensskogsbruket. Studiens resultat visar att skötselanpassningarna på Rinkabyfältet leder till en minskad virkesproduktion och en lägre löpande tillväxt. Arealen gammal skog (>140 år) beräknas också öka från 3 till 44 procent vid analysperiodens slut. Vidare visas att mängden död ved kommer att öka succesivt.Forests have long played an important role in a state's ability to remain sovereign. Throughout history, wood as a raw material has made it possible to produce equipment that has been used in the defence of nations. In recent times, wood has become less important as a raw material in manufacturing processes, but the importance of forests as potential battlefields remains. The Swedish Fortifications Agency is an agency that manages infrastructure of importance to the Swedish total defence, where training and firing ranges are a large part of the land holdings managed. The Swedish Fortifications Agency takes the activities of the Swedish Armed Forces into account in their forest management of the training and firing ranges. The aim of this study is to answer two questions; what silviculture adjustments are made at Rinkabyfältet to meet the needs of the Armed Forces and how do these silviculture adjustments affect the volume production at the field. In the study, a theoretical reference forestry was used as a basis for comparison with the forestry adapted for the armed forces. Heureka PlanVis has been used for the analyses and the Rinkabyfältet, located on the east coast of Skåne, with its 100 forest stands and 573 hectares of forest land, has been the basis for the study. First the silvicultue adaptations were determined and then the adaptations were matched with settings in Heureka PlanVis and finally the analyses and the comparison with the reference forestry were carried out. In conclusion the results of the study show that the silviculture adjustments in the Rinkabyfältet lead to a reduced volume production and a lower average growth. It also shows that the areal proportion of old forest (>140 years) will increase from 3 to 44 percent and the end of the analysis period. The amount of dead wood will also increase progressively

Therapeutic electrical stimulation of the upper extremity in stroke

The aim of this thesis was to progress towards evidence based application of ES. In order to reach this goal it was necessary to evaluate the available evidence on the effectiveness of ES, to explore the relative value of the different methods of stimulation and parameter settings and gain more insight in the underlying mechanisms of action of ES

Obtaining directional wave characteristics in front of nearshore field sites

Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

The Race Equality Directive: A Shadow Report

The Race Equality Directive: A Shadow Report collects lessons learned from the implementation of the Race Equality Directive in nine European Union member states.The Race Equality Directive is a piece of legislation adopted in 2000 by the Council of Ministers of the European Union implementing the principle of equality for all irrespective of racial or ethnic origin. The directive comes under review at the end of 2013, 10 years after its entry into force.The report includes data on Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, the Netherlands, and Spain. Annex I contains summaries of developments in each of these member states.The report identifies trends in the challenges facing the countries examined, examples of successful or problematic implementation, and includes recommendations for improving effective implementation.Challenges to the implementation of the Race Equality Directive include:lack of disaggregated data needed to implement parts of this legislation and evaluate its effectiveness;unclear identification of proxy categories that can be used to detect discrimination on the ground of racial and ethnic origin;problems that impede effective access to and use of judicial (individual or collective) redress against discrimination;hindrances to alternative forms of individual (or collective) redress, through the equality bodies.Analysis is based on two sources of data: country reports by specialized international monitoring bodies (excerpts of these are contained in Annex II) and data generated through a short questionnaire (in Annex III) completed by independent experts and subject matter experts within the Open Society Foundations

Demographic vulnerability of the clonal and endangered meadow thistle

Contains fulltext : 65634.pdf ( ) (Open Access

Developing the next generation of potential entrepreneurs: co-operation between schools and businesses?

To realise the dream of an African Renaissance and a better life for all South Africans, the entrepreneurial energies of all people, including children, should be harnessed to contribute towards economic development, job creation and the alleviation of poverty. Worldwide, various bodies and governments have recognised the importance of entrepreneurship in job creation and as a prerequisite for sustainable economic development. Entrepreneurship development concerns the development of people's potential as a country's most valuable resource. According to a model for entrepreneurship education the challenge is to put more emphasis on creating awareness of the self-employment option and generating interest and desire for engaging in entrepreneurship. More opportunities and support should also be provided for people to learn about the entrepreneurial process. The majority of people who will start businesses in future are currently in the educational system. Integrating entrepreneurial learnership programmes into the educational system in high schools can be critical in developing the skills necessary to start and run successful businesses. The aim of the research was to determine the role and perceptions of business people regarding entrepreneurial learnership programmes in secondary schools. A literature study, complemented by an empirical survey among business people affiliated with the Chambers of Business, was used as the method of research. Conclusions from the study included that respondents strongly agreed that learnership and involvement of business people with schools are essential. It can therefore be recommended that attention be given to an entrepreneurial youth learnership programme for secondary schools. South African Journal of Education Vol.23(4) 2003: 319-32