Uma leitura das políticas do solo e dos modelos urbanísticos de Madri desde meados dos anos 1990: da liberalização à ressaca imobiliária

This article reviews the policies and planning models that have shaped Madrid in the last 30 years, with particular attention to their positioning with respect to the economic situation, and particularly to its role in the formation of the recent housing bubble. On the one hand, it highlights the link between policies and models of different levels of government, such as land liberalization policy promoted by the State and the regional level; the abandonment of territorial planning by the regional government; and, the evolution of the urban model of the city of Madrid through the three General Urban Plans elaborated by the City Council. It is also possible to point at a displacement in the three spatial scales towards policies located half-way between the emerging neoliberal policies with common features in the global scale and a particular local neo-urban entrepreneurialism, with a gradual devaluation of the role of planning as a regulatory mechanism of market dynamics, and as the expression of a political consensus around the spatial pattern of the local society.En este artículo se repasan las políticas y modelos urbanísticos que han dado forma a Madrid en los últimos 30 años, con especial atención a su posicionamiento con respecto a las coordenadas de la coyuntura económica, y particularmente a su papel en la formación de la burbuja inmobiliaria reciente. Por un lado se destaca la articulación entre las políticas y los modelos de los diferentes niveles de gobierno: la liberalización de suelo impulsada desde el ámbito estatal y autonómico, el abandono del planeamiento territorial desde el gobierno regional y la evolución del modelo urbanístico de la ciudad de Madrid a través de los tres Planes Generales elaborados por el Ayuntamiento. En las tres escalas se constata un desplazamiento hacia políticas situadas a medio camino entre el neoliberalismo emergente en la escala global y un neodesarrollismo castizo con características locales propias, junto con una devaluación progresiva del papel del planeamiento como mecanismo regulador de las dinámicas del mercado y como expresión de un consenso político sobre el modelo espacial de la sociedad.Neste artigo revisitam-se as políticas e os modelos urbanísticos que deram forma a Madri nos últimos 30 anos, com ênfase espacial à sua posição em relação às coordenadas da conjuntura econômica e, de forma particular, seu papel na formação da bolha imobiliária recente. Por um lado, destaca-se a articulação entre as políticas e os modelos dos vários níveis de governo: a liberalização do solo impulsionada pelo âmbito estatal e autonômico, o abandono do planejamento territorial pelo governo regional e a evolução do modelo urbanístico da cidade de Madri através dos três Planos Gerais elaborados pela Prefeitura. Nas três escalas constata-se um deslocamento rumo a políticas situadas entre o neoliberalismo emergente na escala global e um neodesenvolvimentismo castiço com características locais próprias, unido a uma desvalorização progressiva do papel do planejamento como mecanismo regulador das dinâmicas de mercado e como expressão de um consenso político sobre o modelo espacial da sociedade

Nuevas formas y procesos espaciales en el territorio contemporáneo: la “ciudad única”

El nuevo régimen de acumulación emergente que viene construyéndose lentamente desde mediados de los años 70 y de forma más acelerada aún durante la última década, exige requerimientos espaciales para su despliegue que –con ligeros matices locales- pueden ser observados en la mayoría de las ciudades y los territorios metropolitanos de los países desarrollados. A este nuevo modelo espacial y de gestión urbana resultante le denominamos “ciudad única”, para incidir en su obediencia y sometimiento al proyecto hegemónico social, económico, cultural y político del pensamiento único. La estructura espacial del territorio contemporáneo resultante de este modelo debe ser entendida desde la superposición de tres estratos: el espacio  de los lugares (paisajes naturales y territorios antropizados en diferentes grados, desde los paisajes rurales a los territorios urbanos), el espacio de las redes (compuesto por las líneas y vectores de flujos y los nodos de intercambio) y el “campo rizomático de los flujos inmateriales”. Más allá de las meteóricas espectaculares y fotogénicas transformaciones urbanas que se suceden en los espacios que resultan “ganadores” o beneficiados en el nuevo régimen de acumulación, en esta nueva estructura espacial se manifiestan numerosas contradicciones, conflictos, desigualdades, e injusticias que apenas son desveladas por  el discurso hegemónico imperante.Le nouveau régime d’accumulation émergent prenant progressivement forme depuis la moitié des années soixante-dix, et s’accélérant au cours de la dernière décennie, requiert des exigences spatiales pour sa mise en œuvre laquelle – avec de légères nuances locales – peut s’observée dans la majorité des villes et territoires métropolitains des pays développés. Ce nouveau modèle spatial et de gestion urbaine est appelé « ville unique » pour souligner son obéissance et soumission au projet hégémonique social, culturel et politique de la pensée unique. La structure spatiale du territoire contemporain produit de ce modèle doit être comprise à partir de la superposition de trois strates : l’espace de lieux (paysages naturels et territoires anthropomorphisés selon des degrés divers, des paysages ruraux aux territoires urbains), l’espace des réseaux (composé par les lignes et vecteurs de flux et nœuds d’échange) et le « champ rhizomatique des flux immatériels ». Au-delà des spectaculaires et météoriques transformations urbaines photogéniques qui ont lieu dans les espaces bénéficiaires du nouveau régime d’accumulation, dans cette nouvelle structure spatiale de nombreuses contradictions, conflits, inégalités et injustices sont palpables, lesquelles sont à peine dévoilées par le discours hégémonique établi.The new emerging “accumulation regime” which is being built since the mid-70’s and even more rapidly over the last decade, requires some space requirements for its deployment that can be observed –with subtle differences- in most cities and metropolitan areas of the developed countries all around the world. We call this new spatial and urban management model the «only-city», so as to stress its obedience and submission to the hegemonic social, economic, cultural and political project which has been named as “the only-way-of-thinking”.The spatial structure of nowadays territory can only be understood by the overlapping of the “space of places” (natural landscapes and anthropic territories, in different degrees, from rural landscapes to urban territories), the “network space” (composed of flow lines and exchange nodes) an the “rhizomatic field of inmaterial flows”. Beyond the spectacular meteoric and photogenic transformations taking place in urban spaces which have become the «winners» or beneficiaries in this new accumulation regime, in this new spatial structure arise numerous contradictions, conflicts, inequalities and injustices that are barely unveiled by the hegemonic discourse

Nuevas formas y procesos espaciales en el territorio contemporáneo: la “ciudad única”

El nuevo régimen de acumulación emergente que viene construyéndose lentamente desde mediados de los años 70 y de forma más acelerada aún durante la última década, exige requerimientos espaciales para su despliegue que –con ligeros matices locales- pueden ser observados en la mayoría de las ciudades y los territorios metropolitanos de los países desarrollados. A este nuevo modelo espacial y de gestión urbana resultante le denominamos “ciudad única”, para incidir en su obediencia y sometimiento al proyecto hegemónico social, económico, cultural y político del pensamiento único. La estructura espacial del territorio contemporáneo resultante de este modelo debe ser entendida desde la superposición de tres estratos: el espacio  de los lugares (paisajes naturales y territorios antropizados en diferentes grados, desde los paisajes rurales a los territorios urbanos), el espacio de las redes (compuesto por las líneas y vectores de flujos y los nodos de intercambio) y el “campo rizomático de los flujos inmateriales”. Más allá de las meteóricas espectaculares y fotogénicas transformaciones urbanas que se suceden en los espacios que resultan “ganadores” o beneficiados en el nuevo régimen de acumulación, en esta nueva estructura espacial se manifiestan numerosas contradicciones, conflictos, desigualdades, e injusticias que apenas son desveladas por  el discurso hegemónico imperante.Le nouveau régime d’accumulation émergent prenant progressivement forme depuis la moitié des années soixante-dix, et s’accélérant au cours de la dernière décennie, requiert des exigences spatiales pour sa mise en œuvre laquelle – avec de légères nuances locales – peut s’observée dans la majorité des villes et territoires métropolitains des pays développés. Ce nouveau modèle spatial et de gestion urbaine est appelé « ville unique » pour souligner son obéissance et soumission au projet hégémonique social, culturel et politique de la pensée unique. La structure spatiale du territoire contemporain produit de ce modèle doit être comprise à partir de la superposition de trois strates : l’espace de lieux (paysages naturels et territoires anthropomorphisés selon des degrés divers, des paysages ruraux aux territoires urbains), l’espace des réseaux (composé par les lignes et vecteurs de flux et nœuds d’échange) et le « champ rhizomatique des flux immatériels ». Au-delà des spectaculaires et météoriques transformations urbaines photogéniques qui ont lieu dans les espaces bénéficiaires du nouveau régime d’accumulation, dans cette nouvelle structure spatiale de nombreuses contradictions, conflits, inégalités et injustices sont palpables, lesquelles sont à peine dévoilées par le discours hégémonique établi.The new emerging “accumulation regime” which is being built since the mid-70’s and even more rapidly over the last decade, requires some space requirements for its deployment that can be observed –with subtle differences- in most cities and metropolitan areas of the developed countries all around the world. We call this new spatial and urban management model the «only-city», so as to stress its obedience and submission to the hegemonic social, economic, cultural and political project which has been named as “the only-way-of-thinking”.The spatial structure of nowadays territory can only be understood by the overlapping of the “space of places” (natural landscapes and anthropic territories, in different degrees, from rural landscapes to urban territories), the “network space” (composed of flow lines and exchange nodes) an the “rhizomatic field of inmaterial flows”. Beyond the spectacular meteoric and photogenic transformations taking place in urban spaces which have become the «winners» or beneficiaries in this new accumulation regime, in this new spatial structure arise numerous contradictions, conflicts, inequalities and injustices that are barely unveiled by the hegemonic discourse

El planeamiento urbanístico contra el territorio: Desencuentros entre planeamiento urbanístico, territorio y paisaje tradicional. El caso de la comarca de Sayago

This paper examines the relationship between urban planning, territory, landscape and traditional urban forms, through the analysis of three case studies in the border region of Sayago, in the province of Zamora (Spain). First, the fundamental features of the territory, the landscape and the urban morphology of the Sayago nuclei are presented, identifying the units that make up the urban cells and the structuring elements of the landscape: cortineo, communal and pasture lands. With these features always in mind, we analyse the urban planning of three municipalities -Gamones, Torregamones and Escuadro- and the influence of the autonomic, provincial and municipal scale determinations, focusing particularly on their relevance with respect to the traditional values of the territory and landscape. The conclusion is the disagreement between urban planning and the preservation of these values.Este artículo examina las relaciones entre el planeamiento urbanístico, el territorio, el paisaje y las formas urbanas tradicionales, a través del análisis de tres ejemplos de estudio en la comarca fronteriza de Sayago, en la provincia de Zamora (España). En primer lugar, se presentan los rasgos fundamentales del territorio, el paisaje y la morfología urbana de los núcleos sayagueses, identificando las unidades que componen las células urbanas y los elementos estructuradores del paisaje: tierras de cortineo, comunales y dehesas. Con estos rasgos siempre presentes, se analiza el planeamiento de dos entidades locales, Gamones y Torregamones y una entidad de población, Escuadro, perteneciente al municipio de Almeida, para detallar la influencia en el mismo de las determinaciones a escala autonómica, provincial y municipal, centrándonos particularmente en su pertinencia con respecto a los valores tradicionales enunciados. La conclusión es el desencuentro entre el planeamiento urbanístico y la preservación de estos estos valores

Problemas morfológicos característicos de los pequeños municipios rurales: su difícil encaje en el marco del urbanismo convencional

After an introduction on the main morphogenetic features of rural space, this article presents some typical morphological problems in small rural municipalities, such as the situations we have called semi-urban blocks, linear formations or large urban blocks. To do so, we analyse the treatment of these problems in the urban planning in force in several specific Spanish municipalities. Through the cases analysed, the insufficiency of the traditional urban planning tools in Spain is verified, both in the technique of classification or delimitation of urban land, as in the detailed management proposals for the treatment of semi-urban blocks and large urban blocks.Tras una introducción sobre los principales rasgos morfogenéticos de los núcleos en el espacio rural, este artículo presenta algunos problemas morfológicos característicos en los pequeños municipios rurales, tales como las situaciones que hemos denominado de semimanzana, formaciones lineales o manzanas de grandes dimensiones. Para ello se analiza el tratamiento de estos problemas en el planeamiento urbanístico vigente en varios municipios concretos. A través de los casos analizados se constata la insuficiencia de los instrumentos urbanísticos tradicionales, tanto en la técnica de clasificación o delimitación del suelo urbano, como en las propuestas de ordenación pormenorizada para el tratamiento de las semimanzanas y manzanas de grandes dimensiones

Financial Stability Report - Second Semester of 2021

Banco de la República’s main objective is to preserve the purchasing power of the currency in coordination with the general economic policy that is intended to stabilize output and employment at long-term sustainable levels. Properly meeting the goal assigned to the Bank by the 1991 Constitution critically depends on preserving financial stability. This is understood to be a general condition in which the financial system assesses and manages the financial risks in a way that facilitates the economy’s performance and efficient allocation of resources while, at the same time, it is able to, on its own, absorb, dissipate, and mitigate the shocks that may arise as a result of adverse events. This Financial Stability Report meets the goal of giving Banco de la República’s diagnosis of the financial system’s and its debtors’ recent performance as well as of the main risks and vulnerabilities that could affect the stability of the Colombian economy. In this way, participants in financial markets and the public are being informed, and public debate on trends and risks affecting the system is being encouraged. The results presented here also serve the monetary authority as a basis for making decisions that will enhance financial stability in the general context of its objectives. In recent months, several positive aspects of the financial system have preserved a remarkable degree of continuity and stability: the liquidity and capital adequacy of financial institutions have remained well above the regulatory minimums at both the individual and consolidated levels, the coverage of past-due loans by loan-loss provisions remains high, and the financial markets for public and private debt and stocks have continued to function normally. At the same time, a surge in all the types of loan portfolios, a sharp downturn in the non-performing loan portfolio, and a rise in the profitability of credit institutions can be seen for the first time since the beginning of the pandemic. In line with the general recovery of the economy, the main vulnerability to the stability of the Colombian financial system identified in the previous edition—uncertainty about changes in the non-performing loans portfolio—has receded and remains on a downward trend. In this edition, the main source of vulnerability identified for financial stability in the short term is the system’s exposure to sudden changes in international financial conditions; the results presented in this Report indicate that the system is sufficiently resilient to such scenarios. In compliance with its constitutional objectives and in coordination with the financial system’s security network, Banco de la República will continue to closely monitor the outlook for financial stability at this juncture and will make the decisions necessary to ensure the proper functioning of the economy, facilitate the flow of sufficient credit and liquidity resources, and further the smooth functioning of the payment system. Leonardo Villar Gomez Governor Box 1 -Decomposition of the Net Interest Margin in Colombia and Chile Wilmar Cabrera Daniela Rodríguez-Novoa Box 2 - Spatial Analysis of New Home Prices in Bogota, Medellín, and Cali Using a Geostatistical Approach María Fernanda Meneses Camilo Eduardo Sánchez Box 3 - Interest Rate Model for the SYSMO Stress Test Exercise Wilmar Cabrera Diego Cuesta Santiago Gamba Camilo Gómez Box 4 - The Transition from LIBOR and other International Benchmark Rates Daniela X. Gualtero Briceño Javier E. Pirateque Niñ

NESS. Sistema de recirculación de agua caliente sin ramal adicional de retorno. Ahorro de agua y energía

El objetivo del presente estudio es identificar las diferencias existentes entre el sistema de aprovechamiento de agua basado en el doble ramal de agua caliente y una innovadora alternativa que realiza la recirculación sin la necesidad de un ramal de retorno adicional, empleando la instalación convencional de cualquier vivienda. Para ello, se realizará un detallado análisis del consumo de energía y económico proporcionado por la ya conocida red de retorno con doble ramal de agua caliente, para posteriormente compararlo con el sistema de recirculación sin ramal adicional de retorno. Atendiendo a los datos arrojados por esta comparación, se presentan las ventajas e inconvenientes de un sistema respecto al otro, y por tanto, cuál es considerado óptimo en cada caso.Consejo General de la Arquitectura Técnica de Españ

Reporte Estabilidad Financiera - Primer Semestre de 2020

In the face of the multiple shocks currently experienced by the domestic economy (resulting from the drop in oil prices and the appearance of a global pandemic), the Colombian financial system is in a position of sound solvency and adequate liquidity. At the same time, credit quality has been recovering and the exposure of credit institutions to firms with currency mismatches has declined relative to previous episodes of sudden drops in oil prices. These trends are reflected in the recent fading of red and blue tonalities in the performance and credit risk segments of the risk heatmaps in Graphs A and B.1 Naturally, the sudden, unanticipated change in macroeconomic conditions has caused the appearance of vulnerabilities for short-term financial stability. These vulnerabilities require close and continuous monitoring on the part of economic authorities. The main vulnerability is the response of credit and credit risk to a potential, temporarily extreme macroeconomic situation in the context of: (i) recently increased exposure of some banks to household sector, and (ii) reductions in net interest income that have led to a decline in the profitability of the banking business in the recent past. Furthermore, as a consequence of greater uncertainty and risk aversion, occasional problems may arise in the distribution of liquidity between agents and financial markets. With regards to local markets, spikes have been registered in the volatility of public and private fixed income securities in recent weeks that are consistent with the behavior of the international markets and have had a significant impact on the liquidity of those instruments (red portions in the most recent past of some market risk items on the map in Graph A). In order to adopt a forward-looking approach to those vulnerabilities, this Report presents a stress test that evaluates the resilience of credit institutions in the event of a hypothetical scenario thatseeks to simulate an extreme version of current macroeconomic conditions. The scenario assumes a hypothetical negative growth that is temporarily strong but recovers going into the middle of the coming year and has extreme effects on credit quality. The results suggest that credit institutions have the ability to withstand a significant deterioration in economic conditions in the short term. Even though there could be a strong impact on credit, liquidity, and profitability under the scenario being considered, aggregate capital ratios would probably remain at above their regulatory limits over the horizon of a year. In this context, the recent measures taken by both Banco de la República and the Office of the Financial Superintendent of Colombia that are intended to help preserve the financial stability of the Colombian economy become highly relevant. In compliance with its constitutional objectives and in coordination with the financial system’s security network, Banco de la República will continue to closely monitor the outlook for financial stability at this juncture and will make the decisions that are necessary to ensure the proper functioning of the economy, facilitate the flow of sufficient credit and liquidity resources, and further the smooth functioning of the payment system. Juan José Echavarría Governo

Propuesta de innovación docente para Filología: programa de inclusión del alumnado en la investigación universitaria y la adquisición de experiencias científicas y formativas

El proyecto busca satisfacer la creciente voluntad de participación del alumnado en los procesos y ámbitos académicos profesionales, dinamizando su interacción con el cuerpo docente, así como la apertura de horizontes laborales a nivel universitario.Depto. de Estudios Ingleses: Lingüística y LiteraturaFac. de FilologíaFALSEsubmitte

Clinical validation of risk scoring systems to predict risk of delayed bleeding after EMR of large colorectal lesions

[Background and Aims]: The Endoscopic Resection Group of the Spanish Society of Endoscopy (GSEED-RE) model and the Australian Colonic Endoscopic Resection (ACER) model were proposed to predict delayed bleeding (DB) after EMR of large superficial colorectal lesions, but neither has been validated. We validated and updated these models.[Methods]: A multicenter cohort study was performed in patients with nonpedunculated lesions ≥20 mm removed by EMR. We assessed the discrimination and calibration of the GSEED-RE and ACER models. Difficulty performing EMR was subjectively categorized as low, medium, or high. We created a new model, including factors associated with DB in 3 cohort studies.[Results]: DB occurred in 45 of 1034 EMRs (4.5%); it was associated with proximal location (odds ratio [OR], 2.84; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.31-6.16), antiplatelet agents (OR, 2.51; 95% CI, .99-6.34) or anticoagulants (OR, 4.54; 95% CI, 2.14-9.63), difficulty of EMR (OR, 3.23; 95% CI, 1.41-7.40), and comorbidity (OR, 2.11; 95% CI, .99-4.47). The GSEED-RE and ACER models did not accurately predict DB. Re-estimation and recalibration yielded acceptable results (GSEED-RE area under the curve [AUC], .64 [95% CI, .54-.74]; ACER AUC, .65 [95% CI, .57-.73]). We used lesion size, proximal location, comorbidity, and antiplatelet or anticoagulant therapy to generate a new model, the GSEED-RE2, which achieved higher AUC values (.69-.73; 95% CI, .59-.80) and exhibited lower susceptibility to changes among datasets.[Conclusions]: The updated GSEED-RE and ACER models achieved acceptable prediction levels of DB. The GSEED-RE2 model may achieve better prediction results and could be used to guide the management of patients after validation by other external groups. (Clinical trial registration number: NCT 03050333.)Research support for this study was received from “La Caixa/Caja Navarra” Foundation (ID 100010434;project PR15/11100006)