689 research outputs found
Book Review: Emmanuel Alloa, Frank Chouraqui, and Rajiv Kaushik (eds.), Merleau-Ponty and Contemporary Philosophy (Albany: SUNY Press, 2019)
Merleau-Ponty and Contemporary Philosophy is an ambitious collected volume of fourteen chapters, accompanied by an epilogue by Jean-Luc Nancy, in which current Merleau-Ponty scholars together aim to demonstrate the urgent relevance of Merleau-Ponty to contemporary philosophy across a range of fields including ontology, epistemology, anthropology, embodiment, animality, politics, language, aesthetics, and art. Divided into four thematic sections, namely, âLegaciesâ, âMind and Natureâ, âPolitics, Power, and Institutionâ and âArt and Aestheticsâ, this collected volume provides a rich resource for Merleau-Ponty scholars who are interested in novel applications and understudied aspects of his thought. It also opens up Merleau-Pontyâs oeuvre to the general reader, presenting many possible entry-ways into the diversity of his work. In my review of Merleau-Ponty and Contemporary Philosophy, I suggest that each of its thematic sections could have been the subject of a separate volume themselves, and that the volume would then perhaps have not suffered from a number of poorly developed lines of argumentation. But I consider that the inclusion of all these thematically diverse sections in a single volume nonetheless presents a forceful display of the wide-ranging relevance of Merleau-Pontyâs work to contemporary philosophy
Equilibrium measures for two-sided shift spaces via dimension theory
Given a two-sided shift space on a finite alphabet and a continuous potential
function, we give conditions under which an equilibrium measure can be
described using a construction analogous to Hausdorff measure that goes back to
the work of Bowen. This construction was previously applied to smooth uniformly
and partially hyperbolic systems by the first author, Pesin, and Zelerowicz.
Our results here apply to all subshifts of finite type and H\"older continuous
potentials, but extend beyond this setting, and we also apply them to shift
spaces with synchronizing words.Comment: 32 page
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Investigating the role of Hedgehog/GLI1 signaling in glioblastoma cell response to temozolomide.
Resistance to chemotherapy substantially hinders successful glioblastoma (GBM) treatment, contributing to an almost 100% mortality rate. Resistance to the frontline chemotherapy, temozolomide (TMZ), arises from numerous signaling pathways that are deregulated in GBM, including Hedgehog (Hh) signaling. Here, we investigate suppression of Hh signaling as an adjuvant to TMZ using U87-MG and T98G cell lines as in vitro models of GBM. We found that silencing GLI1 with siRNA reduces cell metabolic activity by up to 30% in combination with TMZ and reduces multidrug efflux activity by 2.5-fold. Additionally, pharmacological GLI inhibition modulates nuclear p53 levels and decreases MGMT expression in combination with TMZ. While we surprisingly found that silencing GLI1 does not induce apoptosis in the absence of TMZ co-treatment, we discovered silencing GLI1 without TMZ co-treatment induces senescence as evidenced by a significant 2.3-fold increase in senescence associated ÎČ-galactosidase staining, and this occurs in a loss of PTEN-dependent manner. Finally, we show that GLI inhibition increases apoptosis in glioma stem-like cells by up to 6.8-fold in combination with TMZ, and this reduces the size and number of neurospheres grown from glioma stem-like cells. In aggregate, our data warrant the continued investigation of Hh pathway inhibitors as adjuvants to TMZ chemotherapy and highlight the importance of identifying signaling pathways that determine whether co-treatment will be successful
Nucleus accumbens neurons encode Pavlovian approach behaviors: evidence from an autoshaping paradigm
Environmental stimuli predictive of appetitive events can elicit Pavlovian approach responses that enhance an organismâs ability to track and secure natural rewards. We examined the activity of individual nucleus accumbens (NAc) neurons during the performance of approach behaviors. Animals were presented with conditioned stimuli that were either positive (the CS+) or negative (the CS-) predictors of reward. Approach responses directed at these cues were recorded as lever presses and were significantly more likely to occur during CS+ presentations. On the test day, 75% of NAc neurons exhibited changes in firing rate (termed 'phasically active') during CS+ presentations. Of these cells, 47% were characterized by time-locked increases in cell firing while 53% showed reductions in firing for the duration of the CS+. The same cells typically showed little or no change during CS- presentations. These results suggest that NAc neurons encode reward prediction and/or approach responses elicited by reward-paired cues
Cellular and Chemical Dynamics Within the Nucleus Accumbens During Reward-related Learning and Decision Making
The ability to form and maintain associations between environmental cues, actions, and rewarding stimuli is an elementary yet fundamental aspect of learned behavior. Moreover, in order for organisms to optimize behavioral allocation after learning has occurred, such associations must be able to guide decision making processes as animals weigh the benefits and costs of potential actions. Multiple lines of research have identified that reward-related learning and decision making are mediated by a distributed network of brain nuclei that includes the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and its innervation from dopamine neurons located in the midbrain. However, the precise neural processing that underlies this function is unclear. The first set of experiments detailed in this dissertation took advantage of technological advances to characterize patterns of NAc dopamine release in real time, during behavioral performance. The results of the first experiment demonstrate for the first time that rapid dopamine release in the NAc is dramatically altered during stimulus-reward learning. Before learning, reward delivery produced robust increases in NAc dopamine concentration. After learning, these increases had completely transferred to the predictive cue and were no longer present when rewards were delivered. Further experiments revealed that cue-evoked increases in NAc dopamine concentration did not signal reward prediction alone, but reflected the work required to obtain rewards. Together, these results suggest that NAc dopamine encodes both the benefits and costs of predicted rewards. A second set of experiments used electrophysiological techniques to measure neural activity within the nucleus accumbens during decision making tasks. These experiments show that when rats were choosing between rewards with different effort requirements, a subset of NAc neurons tracked the degree of effort predicted by cues, while other neurons exhibited prolonged activation or inhibition as animals overcame large effort requirements to obtain rewards. Finally, when rats were choosing between rewards that came at different temporal delays, many NAc neurons exhibited changes in activity that correlated with reward delay. Such activity represents a candidate mechanism for linking actions with outcomes, and may also provide insight into the role of the NAc in psychiatric disorders characterized by maladaptive goal-directed behavior and decision making processes
Book Review: Emmanuel Alloa, Frank Chouraqui, and Rajiv Kaushik (eds.), Merleau-Ponty and Contemporary Philosophy
Two Paths: A Critique of Husserlâs View of the Buddha
In âOn the Teachings of Gotama Buddhaâ (1925) and âSocrates-Buddhaâ (1926), Edmund Husserl claims that the Buddha achieves a transcendental view of consciousness by performing the epochĂ©. Yet, states Husserl, the Buddha fails to develop a purely theoretical and universal science of consciousness, i.e., phenomenology, because his purely practical goal of NibbÄna limits knowledge of consciousness. I evaluate Husserlâs claims by examining the Buddhaâs Majjhima NikÄya. I argue that Husserl correctly identifies an epochĂ© and transcendental viewpoint in the Buddhaâs teachings. However, I contend that Husserlâs distinction between pure theory and pure praxis leads him to misconstrue the function of the Buddhaâs epochĂ©, the extent of knowledge that the Buddha gains from the transcendental viewpoint, and the nature of NibbÄna. I finally suggest that the Buddha presents a way of studying consciousness that is a way of life, meaning that any distinction between pure theory and pure praxis is dissolved
Nature Without the State: An Anarchist Critique of âAnimalistic Evilâ
I here present an anarchist critique of the idea of âanimalistic evilâ and its common use as a justification for the Stateâs existence and use of force. On this view, âevilâ is a privation of morality, justice, and civilised behaviour. It is then identified with the âanimalisticâ since animals are often thought to be defined by the aforesaid privation. I first clarify the idea of animalistic evil within the history of philosophy and science. Aristotle (384â322 BCE), Thomas Hobbes (1588â1679), and Thomas H. Huxley (1825â1895) prominently argue that all that prevents humanity from devolving into animalistic evil, a state of violent and individualistic struggle for bare survival, is the power of State government to forcibly control the animalistic drives within its citizens. I subsequently pose two questions. (1) Is it justified to associate animal life with evil when this is (a) understood as a privation of a morality, justice and society and (b) characterised as an individualistic struggle for survival? (2) If this is not justified, what is the political harm of doing so? Building on the work of the anarchist thinker Peter Kropotkin (1842â1921), I argue that any conception of animalistic evil is unjustifiable, that it is a false justification for the Stateâs existence and use of force, and that the State, upon making the empty threat of animalistic evil, both violently harms individuals and impedes the socially beneficial practice of mutual aid
Proposed plant host test list for assessing the risk of biological control agents for Clidemia hirta (L.) D.Don.
Background
The following proposed plant host list is for the testing of potential biological control agents of Clidemia hirta (L.) D. Don (Melastomataceae). Post-release evidence from other countries suggests a promising outlook for biological control of C. hirta in Australia. Seven agents have already been released in Hawaii for this purpose, with six of these becoming established (Nakahara et al. 1992). Liothrips urichi Karny (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) is the first candidate biological control species proposed to undergo testing in Australia. The thrips have been released as a biological control agent for C. hirta in Fiji (1930), the Solomon Islands (1938, 1973 and 1975), Hawaii (1953), Palau (1960 and 1972), and American Samoa (1974) (Conant 2009). Liothrips urichi has established in all but the Solomon Islands and appears to be effective in open, sunny areas (Conant 2009). Host specificity of this insect has been demonstrated both within its native range and within countries where it has been introduced as a biological control of C. hirta (Table 1)
Reducing the complexity of virtual machine networking
Virtualization is an enabling technology that improves scalability, reliability, and flexibility. Virtualized networking is tackled by emulating or paravirtualizing network interface cards. This approach, however, leads to complexities (implementation and management) and has to conform to some limitations imposed by the Ethernet standard. RINA turns the current approach to virtualized networking on its head: instead of emulating networks to perform inter-process communication on a single processing system, it sees networking as an extension to local inter-process communication. In this article, we show how RINA can leverage a paravirtualization approach to achieve a more manageable solution for virtualized networking. We also present experimental results performed on IRATI, the reference open source implementation of RINA, which shows the potential performance that can be achieved by deploying our solution
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