A model for response tendency combination

A model is proposed to predict the performance on a compound stimulus as a function of the performance on the component stimuli in a two-choice situation. Data from a learning task are used to evaluate the model.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/45701/1/11336_2005_Article_BF02288970.pd

Preference laws in phonological change

During the 1980s Robert Murray and Theo Vennemann developed an approach to language change, which, building on theories of markedness and naturalness, aimed to elucidate the motivations behind sound changes. From the beginning this theory stood in apparent contrast to traditional approaches, which were largely descriptive. The key assumptions of this approach are that certain linguistic structures are more preferred than others and that languages strive towards improvement in line with these preferences. This perspective has provided theoretical underpinnings for more recent phonological theories, most notably Optimality Theory. We introduce the concept of preference laws, giving an overview of its development, its most significant features and key applications, as well as discussing critical points raised in the literature. The chapter is structured as follows. Section 26.2 introduces the theoretical foundations and basics of preference-law theory. In section 26.3 we apply it to motivating sound change. In sections 26-4 and 26.5 developments and controversies involving preference laws are discussed. The main points are summarized in section 26.6

Características fenológicas, produtivas e qualitativas de híbridos de girassol em diferentes épocas de semeadura para produção de silagem

Objetivou-se verificar o efeito de três épocas de semeadura - outubro (antecipada), novembro (normal) e dezembro (tardia) - sobre as características fenológicas, produtivas e qualitativas de quatro híbridos de girassol: Rumbosol-91 (forrageiro), M-734 (duplo propósito), C-11 (duplo propósito) e BRS-191 (granífero) destinados à produção de silagem. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, com arranjo fatorial 4 x 3 (quatro híbridos x três épocas de semeadura) e quatro repetições. A semeadura em outubro resultou em ciclo mais longo, altura de planta mais elevada e diâmetro e participação de capítulo menores, como conseqüência da temperatura, da insolação e do fotoperíodo, que foram mais baixos nessa época. Os híbridos Rumbosol-91 e BRS-191 semeados em novembro apresentaram taxas de acamamento mais quebramento maiores, de 49,6 e 65,7%, respectivamente. Os híbridos BRS-191 e M-734 semeados em dezembro apresentaram produtividades de fitomassa maiores, com 39,71 e 43,76 t ha-1 de matéria verde e 11,31 e 11,41 t ha-1 de matéria seca, respectivamente. Nos constituintes da planta, os teores de PB aumentaram e os de FDN, FDA e LDA diminuíram, respectivamente, para colmo, folhas e capítulo. Na planta inteira, os teores de MS oscilaram de 23,2%, para o híbrido Rumbosol-91 semeado em novembro, a 47,9%, para o híbrido C-11 semeado em dezembro, indicando que os híbridos possuem capacidade diferenciada de retenção de umidade em estádio de maturidade fisiológica semelhante da cultura (fase R-9). Os teores de PB variaram de 7,0 a 15,7%, demonstrando a riqueza protéica da cultura. Os teores de LDA da planta inteira oscilaram de 6,5 a 12,4%, sendo que os híbridos M-734 semeado em dezembro e C-11 semeado em outubro apresentaram os teores mais baixos. Visando à produção de silagem de elevada qualidade, o híbrido M-734 semeado em dezembro apresentou melhor relação entre fenologia, produtividade e composição bromatológica.The objective of this study was to estimate the effect of three sowing dates: October (early), November (normal) and December (late), on the phenological, yield and qualitative traits of four sunflower hybrids: Rumbosol-91 (forage), M-734 (double purpose), C-11 (double purpose) and BRS-191 (grain) grown for silage making. A 4 x 3 factorial treatment combination (four hybrids x three sowing dates) was allocated in a randomized block design with four replications. The October sowing brought about longer cycle, higher plant height, and smaller seed head diameter and contribution due to the prevailing climatic conditions of lower temperature, insolation and photoperiod during the crop growth period. The Rumbosol-91 and BRS-191 hybrids sowed in November showed higher lodging plus stalk breaking proportion of about 49.6 and 65.7%, respectively. The BRS-191 and M-734 hybrids sowed in December showed higher biomass yields of 39.71 and 43.76 t ha-1 fresh matter and 11.31 and 11.41 t ha-1 drymatter, respectively. While the CP content increased, the NDF, ADF and ADL contents decreased from the stem, to the leaf and to the head plant fractions. The whole plant DM values ranged from 23.2% in the Rumbosol-91 hybrid sowed in November to 47.9% in the C-11 hybrid sowed in December, indicating that the hybrids have differentiated moisture retention capacity at similar physiologic maturity of the culture (R-9 phase). The CP values ranged from 7.0 to 15.7%, an evidence of the high protein content of the culture. The ADL values of the whole plant ranged among 6.5 to 12.4%, with lowest values for the M-734 hybrid sowed in December and C-11 hybrid sowed in October. The M-734 hybrid sowed in December has better relationship among phenology, yield and bromatological composition, traits required for the making of high quality silage

Organ-specific heterogeneity in tumor-infiltrating immune cells and cancer antigen expression in primary and autologous metastatic lung adenocarcinoma

Background Tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) and cancer antigen expression, key factors for the development of immunotherapies, are usually based on the data from primary tumors due to availability of tissue for analysis; data from metastatic sites and their concordance with primary tumor are lacking. Although of the same origin from primary tumor, organ-specific differences in the TIME in metastases may contribute to discordant responses to immune checkpoint inhibitor agents. In immunologically ‘cold’ tumors, cancer antigen-targeted chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy can promote tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes; however, data on distribution and intensity of cancer antigen expression in primary tumor and matched metastases are unavailable.Methods We performed a retrospective review of a prospectively maintained database of patients who had undergone curative resection of pathological stage I–III primary lung adenocarcinoma from January 1995 to December 2012 followed by metastatic recurrence and resection of metastatic tumor (n=87). We investigated the relationship between the primary tumor and metastasis TIME (ie, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, tumor-associated macrophages, and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1)) and cancer antigen expression (ie, mesothelin, CA125, and CEACAM6) using multiplex immunofluorescence.Results Brain metastases (n=36) were observed to have fewer tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and greater PD-L1-negative tumor-associated macrophages compared with the primary tumor (p<0.0001); this relatively inhibitory TIME was not observed in other metastatic sites. In one in three patients, expression of PD-L1 is discordant between primary and metastases. Effector-to-suppressor (E:S) cell ratio, median effector cells (CD20+ and CD3+) to suppressor cells (CD68/CD163+) ratio, in metastases was not significantly different between patients with varying E:S ratios in primary tumors. Cancer antigen distribution was comparable between primary and metastases; among patients with mesothelin, cancer antigen 125, or carcinoembryonic antigen adhesion molecule 6 expression in the primary tumor, the majority (51%–75%) had antigen expression in the metastases; however, antigen-expression intensity was heterogenous.Conclusions In patients with lung adenocarcinoma, brain metastases, but not other sites of metastases, exhibited a relatively immune-suppressive TIME; this should be considered in the context of differential response to immunotherapy in brain metastases. Among patients with cancer antigen expression in the primary tumor, the majority had antigen expression in metastases; these data can inform the selection of antigen-targeted CARs to treat patients with metastatic lung adenocarcinoma