Epis and monos which must be isos

Orzech [1] has shown that every surjective endomorphism of a noetherian module is an isomorphism. Here we prove analogous results for injective endomorphisms of noetherian injective modules, and the duals of these results. We prove that every injective endomorphism, with large image, of a module with the descending chain condition on large submodules is an isomorphism, which dualizes a result of Varadarajan [2]. Finally we prove the following result and its dual: if p is any radical then every surjective endomorphism of a module M, with kernel contained in pM, is an isomorphism, provided that every surjective endomorphism of pM is an isomorphism

District-level explanations for supporter involvement in political parties: The importance of electoral factors

© The Author(s) 2017. Traditional analyses of grass roots involvement in political parties have focussed almost exclusively on formal members. However, recent analyses across a range of democracies have shown that non-members (supporters) are playing important roles within political parties, including election campaigning, candidate and leader selection, online policy deliberations and even policy formation. The growing literature on this topic suggests that the involvement of supporters may be a function of party structure and availability of online recruitment. Using new data collected at the 2015 British general election, this article extends the examination of supporter involvement but challenges these assumptions. It shows that supporter activity is better explained by responses to electoral factors and that the focus on online recruitment seriously underplays the enduring importance of human contact.UK Research & Innovation (UKRI) Economic and Social Research Council (grant no ES/M007251/1

The design, implementation, and performance of the LZ calibration systems

LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) is a tonne-scale experiment searching for direct dark matter interactions and other rare events. It is located at the Sanford Underground Research Facility (SURF) in Lead, South Dakota, USA. The core of the LZ detector is a dual-phase xenon time projection chamber (TPC), designed with the primary goal of detecting Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs) via their induced low energy nuclear recoils. Surrounding the TPC, two veto detectors immersed in an ultra-pure water tank enable reducing background events to enhance the discovery potential. Intricate calibration systems are purposely designed to precisely understand the responses of these three detector volumes to various types of particle interactions and to demonstrate LZ's ability to discriminate between signals and backgrounds. In this paper, we present a comprehensive discussion of the key features, requirements, and performance of the LZ calibration systems, which play a crucial role in enabling LZ's WIMP-search and its broad science program. The thorough description of these calibration systems, with an emphasis on their novel aspects, is valuable for future calibration efforts in direct dark matter and other rare-event search experiments

Comprehensive Molecular Portraits of Invasive Lobular Breast Cancer

Invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) is the second most prevalent histologic subtype of invasive breast cancer. Here, we comprehensively profiled 817 breast tumors, including 127 ILC, 490 ductal (IDC), and 88 mixed IDC/ILC. Besides E-cadherin loss, the best known ILC genetic hallmark, we identified mutations targeting PTEN, TBX3 and FOXA1 as ILC enriched features. PTEN loss associated with increased AKT phosphorylation, which was highest in ILC among all breast cancer subtypes. Spatially clustered FOXA1 mutations correlated with increased FOXA1 expression and activity. Conversely, GATA3 mutations and high expression characterized Luminal A IDC, suggesting differential modulation of ER activity in ILC and IDC. Proliferation and immune-related signatures determined three ILC transcriptional subtypes associated with survival differences. Mixed IDC/ILC cases were molecularly classified as ILC-like and IDC-like revealing no true hybrid features. This multidimensional molecular atlas sheds new light on the genetic bases of ILC and provides potential clinical options

A História da Alimentação: balizas historiográficas

Os M. pretenderam traçar um quadro da História da Alimentação, não como um novo ramo epistemológico da disciplina, mas como um campo em desenvolvimento de práticas e atividades especializadas, incluindo pesquisa, formação, publicações, associações, encontros acadêmicos, etc. Um breve relato das condições em que tal campo se assentou faz-se preceder de um panorama dos estudos de alimentação e temas correia tos, em geral, segundo cinco abardagens Ia biológica, a econômica, a social, a cultural e a filosófica!, assim como da identificação das contribuições mais relevantes da Antropologia, Arqueologia, Sociologia e Geografia. A fim de comentar a multiforme e volumosa bibliografia histórica, foi ela organizada segundo critérios morfológicos. A seguir, alguns tópicos importantes mereceram tratamento à parte: a fome, o alimento e o domínio religioso, as descobertas européias e a difusão mundial de alimentos, gosto e gastronomia. O artigo se encerra com um rápido balanço crítico da historiografia brasileira sobre o tema

Investigation of brake squeal and the influence of the abutment faces.

This paper demonstrates the influence of the trailing end of the piston, or inboard, pad on the propensity of a brake to generate audible squeal. The unique technique was employed to measure the dynamic centre of pressure at the pad/disc interface during a normal braking operation. This novel technique uses an embedded pressure sensitive film within the pad. The paper also presents the co-planar analysis of the pad/caliper contact regions and its influence on the position of the disk/pad “Centre of Pressure” (CoP). The analysis shows how the trailing end of the piston pad influences the position of the CoP and goes on to explain why the centre moves as the pad abutment vibrates against the abutment. The paper includes additional work with a 12 piston opposed caliper where the initial CoP may be varied both along the pad and radially. Results show a very definite movement of the centre of pressure as the brake pressure is increased

Discussion of characteristics of brake judder and the necessary data acquisition system for complete analysis

Brake judder is becoming an increasing concern within the automotive industry. Much research into brake judder relies on simulated dynamometer work without correlation to actual vehicle data. A data acquisition system has been used to collect data from on vehicle brake testing. The data has been compiled and analysed using different methods to provide an effective means of validating future work carried out on an in house brake dynamometer

Semi-perfect and F-semi-perfect modules

A module is semi-perfect iff every factor module has a projective cover. A module M=A+B (for submodules A and B) is amply supplemented iff there exists a submodule A′ (called a supplement of A) of B such M=A+A′ and A′ is minimal with this property. If B=M then M is supplemented. Kasch and Mares [1] have shown that the first and last of these conditions are equivalent for projective modules. Here it is shown that an arbitrary module is semi-perfect iff it is (amply) supplemented by supplements which have projective covers, an extension of the result of Kasch and Mares [1]. Corresponding results are obtained for F-semi-perfect modules