An experimental study of three programed methods

All programed training makes use of successively presented units of information, usually accompanied by a test question and usually providing the subject with. immediate knowledge of whether his answer is right or wrong. The purpose of a program whose assimilated data is in questions and answers is to shape a series of responses into a complex act. Within this common framework there is--for psychologists, at any rate--a difference between two schools of thought which dominates the field and is reflected in the tasks and types of programs given to the trainee. The question now becomes one in determining the best way to intergrate programed instruction with the regular training programs . In order to help substantiate or refute the past experiments in this area, it is the purpose of this experiment to test three programed methods: 1. Use program with machine; write out answer; read correct answer. 2. Use program with machine; read correct answer. 3. Read programed material-- retype in magazine form. It is predicted that there is no significant difference in the training effectiveness of the three methods of programed instructional material

Examining the Relationship Between Throwing Injuries Sustained in Adolescent Baseball Players and Use of an Injury Prevention Smartphone Application Throw Like a Pro

Objective: To describe the use rate of the injury prevention smartphone app “Throw Like a Pro” (TLP), and determine the relationship between use of the app and throwing injuries in adolescent baseball players. Design and Setting: The smartphone application TLP was distributed to adolescent baseball players. Instruction was given on correct use of the application. Stretches, exercises, and application features were demonstrated to subjects. Data on use and injuries was compiled through self-reported surveys. Subjects: A convenience sample of adolescent baseball players (n=20) aged 13-18 from the Babe Ruth Little League organization in Missoula, Montana were selected. Measurements: A modified Kerlan-Jobe Orthopedic Clinic demographic questionnaire was collected on participants including age, current/previous history of shoulder or elbow injury, and years of playing experience. Self-reported surveys collected data pertaining to use of the smartphone application TLP and throwing injuries sustained during the baseball season. Results: Thirty-nine separate time point responses were obtained from participants. Forty-one percent of total responses (n=16/39) revealed shoulder or elbow pain during the season. This is representative of national averages for adolescent baseball players. Athletes who stretched 3-4 times per week experienced less pain than athletes who did not. Pitchers who followed recommended rest periods saw a decreased likelihood of shoulder or elbow pain when compared to pitchers who did not follow recommended rest periods. Conclusions: The incidence rate of overuse injuries in adolescent baseball players is rising. Many rehabilitative exercises post-injury exist, however preventative approaches are lacking. This research reveals the importance of both using pitch count to decrease likelihood of shoulder or elbow pain, as well as the need for ways to increase compliance among athletes. Further research is needed on the use of smartphone applications as a viable source of treatment protocol and injury prevention

Prospectus, October 17, 1972

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Strongyloides ratti e S. stercoralis: efeitos de cambendazol, tiabendazol e mebendazol in vitro

The effects of in vitro incubation of three henzimidazole anthelmintics, thiabendazole, mebendazole and cambendazole on Strongyloides were compared. No drug affected hatching of S. ratti eggs or the viability of infective larvae or parasitic adult worms, but all three inhibited moulting of S. ratti larvae. In addition, cambendazole, but not thiabendazole or mebendazole, impaired the viability of S. ratti first- and second-stage larvae. The three drugs had no effect on isolated S. stercorais free-living adult worms, but they all prevented development of S. stercoralis rhabditiform larvae. Thiabendazole and mebendazole had no effect on the infectivity of either S. ratti or S. stercoralis infective larvae, but infection with these worms was abrogated by prior incubation with cambendazole. These results indicate that cambendazole acts in a different manner to the other two drugs. Since it is active against larvae migrating through the tissues, it is potentially of much greater value than thiabendazole or mebendazole in the therapy of strongyloidiasis.Os efeitos da incubação de três antihelmínticos, tiabendazol, mebendazol e cambendazol sobre Strongyloides foram comparados. Nenhuma droga afetou a eclosão dos ovos de S. ratti ou a viabilidade de larvas infectantes ou vermes adultos parasitários, mas todas as três inibiram a formação de larvas de S. ratti. Além disso, cambendazol, mas não tiabendazol ou mebendazol, diminuiu a viabilidade de larvas de primeiro e segundo estágio de S. ratti. As três drogas não tiveram efeito sobre vermes adultos de vida livre isolados, de S. stercoralis, mas todas evitaram o desenvolvimento de larvas rabditiformes de S. stercoralis. Tiabenda zol e mebendazol não tiveram efeito sobre a infectividade de larvas infectantes de S. ratti ou de S. stercoralis, mas a infecção com esses vermes foi anulada por incubação prévia com cambendazol. Esses resultados indicam que cambendazol age de modo diferente das outras duas drogas. Uma vez que ele é ativo contra lar vas migrando através dos tecidos, é potencial mente de muito maior valor que o tia bendazol ou mebendazol na terapêutica da esbrongiloidíase

Cultural views of life phases.

The knowledge base in the study of human development is built primarily from work with children from the modern, global, post-industrial population. This population is unrepresentative in many respects, not least in that childhood and adolescence is dominated by the experience of formal schooling—an experience missing from the lives of most of the world’s children until very recently. This entry will examine child development from the perspective of pre-modern societies as described in the ethnographic, archaeological and historic records. Specifically, we will review material indicative of cultural or indigenous models of development, phases and phase transitions, in particular

Explaining Criminal Careers: Implications for Justice Policy

Explaining Criminal Careers presents a simple quantitative theory of crime, conviction and reconviction, the assumptions of the theory are derived directly from a detailed analysis of cohort samples drawn from the “UK Home Office” Offenders Index (OI). Mathematical models based on the theory, together with population trends, are used to make: exact quantitative predictions of features of criminal careers; aggregate crime levels; the prison population; and to explain the age-crime curve, alternative explanations are shown not to be supported by the data. Previous research is reviewed, clearly identifying the foundations of the current work. Using graphical techniques to identify mathematical regularities in the data, recidivism (risk) and frequency (rate) of conviction are analysed and modelled. These models are brought together to identify three categories of offender: high-risk / high-rate, high-risk / low-rate and low-risk / low-rate. The theory is shown to rest on just 6 basic assumptions. Within this theoretical framework the seriousness of offending, specialisation or versatility in offence types and the psychological characteristics of offenders are all explored suggesting that the most serious offenders are a random sample from the risk/rate categories but that those with custody later in their careers are predominantly high-risk/high-rate. In general offenders are shown to be versatile rather than specialist and can be categorised using psychological profiles. The policy implications are drawn out highlighting the importance of conviction in desistance from crime and the absence of any additional deterrence effect of imprisonment. The use of the theory in evaluation of interventions is demonstrated

Biochemical correlates of cardiac hypertrophy. III. Changes in DNA content. The relative contributions of polyploidy and mitotic activity

DNA concentration in the left ventricle of 3-month-old rats 3 to 12 days after aortic constriction was similar to the values obtained in sham-operated litter mates (1.38±0.03 µg/mg wet weight). The total DNA content of the heart was thus increased proportionally to its enlargement. In chronic hypertrophy (2 to 4 months after aortic constriction), the DNA content was increased to a significantly less extent than in short-term hypertrophy. The percentage of polyploid nuclei in 12- to 13-week-old rats increased 1 to 3 weeks after aortic constriction from a normal value of 1.8% to 4.2%. In 17- to 18-week-old rats, polyploidy was present in 3.9% of the nuclei 10 days after banding as compared with 1.6% in normal rats. Mitotic figures were localized almost exclusively outside muscle cells. Mitotic indices in hypertrophied hearts were ten times higher than in controls during the first 3 weeks after aortic constriction

Potential Agronomic Benefits of Wood Ash Application on Reclaimed Surface Mined Lands

Wood ash is a by-product generated by paper companies, lumber manufacturing plants and utilities that bum wood products, bark and papermill sludge as a means of disposal and/or energy production. Large quantities of wood ash are generated by these industries since wood generally contains 6 to 10% ash. Most of these ashes are landfilled or discarded in lagoons. However, the increasing expense of landfill disposal has led to increased interest in the land application of industry generated wood ash