The interaction of encoding and rehearsal processes in the recall of repeated and nonrepeated items

Experiments were designed to clarify the influence of level of processing on the recall of once-presented items and to determine whether spacing effects for repeated items result from differential processing of the second presentation. In a modified Brown-Peterson paradigm, the lengths of distractor-filled spacing and retention intervals were varied, and subjects were cued to rehearse each presentation of five-word pentads in either a primary (rote) or secondary (elaborative) fashion. Type of rehearsal had large and systematic effects, but the pattern of spacing effects was inconsistent with that predicted by a processing interpretation. An alternative theory, in which type of processing is assumed to interact with encoding variability, seems consistent with the results.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/22126/1/0000553.pd

Luminescent Ruthenium(II) Polypyridyl Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles; Their DNA Binding Abilities and Application As Cellular Imaging Agents

The synthesis and photophysical and biological investigation of Ru(II)-polypyridyl stabilized watersoluble, luminescent gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are described. These structures bind to DNA and undergo rapid cellular uptake, being localized within the cell cytoplasm and nucleus within 4 h

Optimally timing primaquine treatment to reduce Plasmodium falciparum transmission in low endemicity Thai-Myanmar border populations

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Effective malaria control has successfully reduced the malaria burden in many countries, but to eliminate malaria, these countries will need to further improve their control efforts. Here, a malaria control programme was critically evaluated in a very low-endemicity Thai-Myanmar border population, where early detection and prompt treatment have substantially reduced, though not ended, <it>Plasmodium falciparum </it>transmission, in part due to carriage of late-maturing gametocytes that remain post-treatment. To counter this effect, the WHO recommends the use of a single oral dose of primaquine along with an effective blood schizonticide. However, while the effectiveness of primaquine as a gametocidal agent is widely documented, the mismatch between primaquine's short half-life, the long-delay for gametocyte maturation and the proper timing of primaquine administration have not been studied.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Mathematical models were constructed to simulate 8-year surveillance data, between 1999 and 2006, of seven villages along the Thai-Myanmar border. A simple model was developed to consider primaquine pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, gametocyte carriage, and infectivity.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>In these populations, transmission intensity is very low, so the <it>P. falciparum </it>parasite rate is strongly linked to imported malaria and to the fraction of cases not treated. Given a 3.6-day half-life of gametocyte, the estimated duration of infectiousness would be reduced by 10 days for every 10-fold reduction in initial gametocyte densities. Infectiousness from mature gametocytes would last two to four weeks and sustain some transmission, depending on the initial parasite densities, but the residual mature gametocytes could be eliminated by primaquine. Because of the short half-life of primaquine (approximately eight hours), it was immediately obvious that with early administration (within three days after an acute attack), primaquine would not be present when mature gametocytes emerged eight days after the appearance of asexual blood-stage parasites. A model of optimal timing suggests that primaquine follow-up approximately eight days after a clinical episode could further reduce the duration of infectiousness from two to four weeks down to a few days. The prospects of malaria elimination would be substantially improved by changing the timing of primaquine administration and combining this with effective detection and management of imported malaria cases. The value of using primaquine to reduce residual gametocyte densities and to reduce malaria transmission was considered in the context of a malaria transmission model; the added benefit of the primaquine follow-up treatment would be relatively large only if a high fraction of patients (>95%) are initially treated with schizonticidal agents.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Mathematical models have previously identified the long duration of <it>P. falciparum </it>asexual blood-stage infections as a critical point in maintaining malaria transmission, but infectiousness can persist for two to four weeks because of residual populations of mature gametocytes. Simulations from new models suggest that, in areas where a large fraction of malaria cases are treated, curing the asexual parasitaemia in a primary infection, and curing mature gametocyte infections with an eight-day follow-up treatment with primaquine have approximately the same proportional effects on reducing the infectious period. Changing the timing of primaquine administration would, in all likelihood, interrupt transmission in this area with very good health systems and with very low endemicity.</p

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

Metode penelitian dalam psikologi, edisi 9/ Elmes

xxi, 188 hal.: ill, tab.; 28 cm

Metode penelitian dalam psikologi, edisi 9/ Elmes

xxi, 188 hal.: ill, tab.; 28 cm

Metode penelitian dalam psikologi, edisi 9/ Elmes

xxi, 188 hal.: ill, tab.; 28 cm

Metode Penelitian Dalam Psikologi : Research Methods in Psichology

Selama ini penelitian dalam bidang psikologi dianggap sebagai suatu hal yang menyulitkan. Padahal penelitian psikologis memiliki cakupan yang luas dan menarik untuk dikaji. Terlebih dalam menghadapi tantangan dan persaingan ke depan yang semakin kompetitif. Mempelajari dan memahami penelitian psikologis akan sangat membantu kita untuk dapat memiliki keterampilan yang sangat dibutuhkan di dunia nyata. Penelitian, khususnya dalam bidang psikologi, memiliki masa depan yang cerah dan menjanjikan, baik di ranah akademis maupun dunia kerja.Metode Penelitian dalam Psikologi edisi kesembilan ini membahas tentang penelitian dalam bidang psikologi. Buku ini memberikan panduan bagi Anda mengenai langkah-langkah dalam melakukan sebuah penelitian psikologis. Mulai dari cara mendapatkan ide, memulai, hingga melakukan sebuah penelitian psikologis yang baik. Selain itu, terdapat pemaparan yang mengulas hal-hal penting dalam penelitian psikologis dari berbagai sudut pandang yang komprehensif. Buku ini menyajikan metode dari ilmu psikologi yang diperlukan untuk memberikan pemahaman yang kuat tentang penelitian yang valid dan reliabel. Tidak ketinggalan contoh-contoh penelitian psikologis yang menarik dari berbagai tempat pun disajikan. Oleh karena itu, buku ini semakin lengkap dalam menyajikan semua hal yang perlu Anda ketahui dan butuhkan tentang penelitian psikologis. Salemb

Metode penelitian dalam psikologi, edisi 9/ Elmes

xxi, 188 hal.: ill, tab.; 28 cm

Metode penelitian dalam psikologi, edisi 9/ Elmes

xxi, 188 hal.: ill, tab.; 28 cm