Booster Obsolescence and Life Extension (BOLE) for Space Launch System (SLS)

A human mission to the moon and Mars is the stated space exploration goal of the United States and the international community. To achieve these goals, NASA is developing the Space Launch System (SLS) and the Orion crew capsule as key elements in the architecture for missions to the moon and Mars. As part of the SLS Booster Obsolescence and Life Extension (BOLE) program, Northrop Grumman Space Systems is working to address booster obsolescence issues in design and manufacturing. The upgraded boosters will also provide increased performance that will benefit future lunar campaigns, science missions, and the eventual Mars campaign

The Legacy of Katrina's Children: Estimating the Numbers of Hurricane-Related At-Risk Children in the Gulf Coast States of Louisiana and Mississippi

The 2005 hurricane season, which included hurricanes Katrina, Rita and Wilma, exacted a monumental toll on the people and infrastructure of the Gulf Coast region in the southern United States. Disaster-related losses were estimated to have exceeded $110 billion. Much has been written about the short-term effects on the local housing stock, economy, and populations. Less understood, however, are the long-term consequences on the children of the Gulf Coast who experienced first the storm, and then the displacement which uprooted so many from their homes and communities. The displacement, which for many children and families continues through the present, has resulted in households living in unfamiliar environments, far from friends and family or locally-supportive community-based organizations, faith-based institutions, and schools. More tangibly, the displacement has also led to hazardous and crowded housing conditions as families were forced to double-up, move in to small travel trailers for extended periods of time, or live in areas adjacent to environmental or construction hazards. The loss of civic infrastructure — particularly among education, health care, and criminal justice systems — has compounded the problems facing families and children as they return to their recovering communities or as they continue to live in temporary or transitional settings. The objective of this research brief is to enumerate the population of children who have been "exposed" to this post-hurricane displacement and infrastructure loss, and to consider how many of them are at elevated risk of a poor future outcome. However much the housing, roadways, and levees are rebuilt and the local economies reconstituted, the legacy of these hurricanes may endure in the lives of these "at-risk" children

Booster Obsolescence and Life Extension (BOLE) for Space Launch System (SLS)

A human mission to the moon and Mars is the stated space exploration goal of the United States and the international community. To achieve these goals, NASA is developing the Space Launch System (SLS) and the Orion crew capsule as key elements in the architecture for missions to the moon and Mars. As part of the SLS Booster Obsolescence and Life Extension (BOLE) program, Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems is working to address booster obsolescence issues in design and manufacturing. The upgraded boosters will also provide increased performance that will benefit future lunar campaigns, science missions, and the eventual Mars campaign

Sedimentological characterization of Antarctic moraines using UAVs and Structure-from-Motion photogrammetry

In glacial environments particle-size analysis of moraines provides insights into clast origin, transport history, depositional mechanism and processes of reworking. Traditional methods for grain-size classification are labour-intensive, physically intrusive and are limited to patch-scale (1m2) observation. We develop emerging, high-resolution ground- and unmanned aerial vehicle-based ‘Structure-from-Motion’ (UAV-SfM) photogrammetry to recover grain-size information across an moraine surface in the Heritage Range, Antarctica. SfM data products were benchmarked against equivalent datasets acquired using terrestrial laser scanning, and were found to be accurate to within 1.7 and 50mm for patch- and site-scale modelling, respectively. Grain-size distributions were obtained through digital grain classification, or ‘photo-sieving’, of patch-scale SfM orthoimagery. Photo-sieved distributions were accurate to <2mm compared to control distributions derived from dry sieving. A relationship between patch-scale median grain size and the standard deviation of local surface elevations was applied to a site-scale UAV-SfM model to facilitate upscaling and the production of a spatially continuous map of the median grain size across a 0.3 km2 area of moraine. This highly automated workflow for site scale sedimentological characterization eliminates much of the subjectivity associated with traditional methods and forms a sound basis for subsequent glaciological process interpretation and analysis

Uncommon Sense, Uncommon Courage: How the New York City School System, Its Teachers, Leadership and Students Responded to the Terror of September 11

Eight public schools are situated within a quarter mile of Ground Zero with 9,000 students ranging in ages from three to eighteen years – grammar, middle and high schools. On Tuesday, September 11, 2001 in the midst of chaos and a relentless unfolding of tragedy, professionals of the Board of Education safely evacuated all 9,000 students without injury. They also ensured that all 1.1 million school children, in every part of the city got home safely, reunited with family and loved ones. They did this as transportation around the City was halted, subways, roads, bridges were closed, and airspace over the United States was shutdown except to military flights. This report is the articulation of a truly effective reaction by a complex organization. Some would label it as luck or extraordinary good fortune. In fact, when all the evidence is finally in, this report argues that the Board of Education’s handling of the crisis presented by 9/11, comprised its “shining moment” – where leadership and courage were manifest and where the paramount objective “get our kids home safe” made the difference between life and death

Proteomic analysis of age-related changes in ovine cerebrospinal fluid

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulates through the brain and has a unique composition reflecting the biological processes of the brain. Identifying ageing CSF biomarkers can aid in understanding the ageing process and interpreting CSF protein changes in neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, ovine CSF proteins from young (1-2 year old), middle aged (3-6 year old) and old (7-10 year old) sheep were systemically studied. CSF proteins were labelled with iTRAQ tagging reagents and fractionated by 2-dimensional high performance, liquid chromatography. Tryptic peptides were identified using MS/MS fragmentation ions for sequencing and quantified from iTRAQ reporter ion intensities at m/z 114, 115, 116 and 117. Two hundred thirty one peptides were detected, from which 143 proteins were identified. There were 52 proteins with >25% increase in concentrations in the old sheep compared to the young. 33 of them increased >25% but 50% but 1 fold [i.e. haptoglobin (Hp), haemoglobin, neuroendocrine protein 7B2, IgM, fibrous sheath interacting protein 1, vimentin]. There were 18 proteins with >25% decrease in concentrations in the old sheep compared to the young. 17 of them decreased >25% but <50%, and histone deacetylase 7 (HDAC7) was gradually decreased for over 80%. Glutathione S-transferase was decreased in middle aged CSF compared to both young and old CSF. The differential expressions of 3 proteins (Hp, neuroendocrine protein 7B2, IgM) were confirmed by immunoassays. These data expand our current knowledge regarding ovine CSF proteins, supply the necessary information to understand the ageing process in the brain and provide a basis for diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases

Emergency Preparedness: Addressing the Needs of Persons with Disabilities

In July 2004, President Bush signed an Executive Order explicitly stating the policy of the United States in the area of emergency preparedness for people with disabilities. The Executive Order built on The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), passed in 1990 “to provide a clear and comprehensive national mandate for the elimination of discrimination against individuals with disabilities” (42 U S .C. 12101[b][1]). Although the ADA does not address emergency preparedness directly, Titles II and III have clauses that are relevant to emergency preparedness. Title II: Provides that no qualified individual with a disability shall be excluded from participation in or be denied the benefits of the services, program s or activities of a public entity. Title III: No individual shall be discriminated against on the basis of a disability in the full and equal enjoyment of the goods, services, facilities or accommodations of any place of public accommodation. “Public entity” is defined as state and local governments and certain transportation authorities. Thus, emergency services operated by a state or local government cannot discriminate against people with disabilities. Public accommodations are listed in the statute and include hotels, auditoriums, parks, professional offices of health care providers and gymnasiums (CRS, Report for Congress, “The Americans with Disabilities Act and Emergency Preparedness and Response” September 13, 2005). These structures could feasibly be utilized in times of natural or man made disasters. “Public entity” is defined as state and local governments and certain transportation authorities. Thus, emergency services operated by a state or local government cannot discriminate against people with disabilities. Public accommodations are listed in the statute and include hotels, auditoriums, parks, professional offices of health care providers and gymnasiums (CRS, Report for Congress, “The Americans with Disabilities Act and Emergency Preparedness and Response” September 13, 2005). These structures could feasibly be utilized in times of natural or manmade disasters

Sterile neutrinos and supernova nucleosynthesis

A light sterile neutrino species has been introduced to explain simultaneously the solar and atmospheric neutrino puzzles and the results of the LSND experiment, while providing for a hot component of dark matter. Employing this scheme of neutrino masses and mixings, we show how matter-enhanced active-sterile neutrino transformation followed by active-active neutrino transformation can solve robustly the neutron deficit problem encountered by models of r-process nucleosynthesis associated with neutrino-heated supernova ejecta.Comment: 29 pages, 3 postscript figures, submitted to Phys. Rev.

A New Dark Matter Candidate: Non-thermal Sterile Neutrinos

We propose a new and unique dark matter candidate: $\sim 100$ eV to $\sim 10$ keV sterile neutrinos produced via lepton number-driven resonant MSW (Mikheyev-Smirnov-Wolfenstein) conversion of active neutrinos. The requisite lepton number asymmetries in any of the active neutrino flavors range from 10$^{-3}$ to 10$^{-1}$ of the photon number - well within primordial nucleosynthesis bounds. The unique feature here is that the adiabaticity condition of the resonance strongly favors the production of lower energy sterile neutrinos. The resulting non-thermal (cold) energy spectrum can cause these sterile neutrinos to revert to non-relativistic kinematics at an early epoch, so that free-streaming lengths at or below the dwarf galaxy scale are possible. Therefore, the main problem associated with light neutrino dark matter candidates can be circumvented in our model.Comment: Latex 11 pages + 1 figur

Nucleon Spin Fluctuations and the Supernova Emission of Neutrinos and Axions

In the hot and dense medium of a supernova (SN) core, the nucleon spins fluctuate so fast that the axial-vector neutrino opacity and the axion emissivity are expected to be significantly modified. Axions with m_a\alt10^{-2}\,{\rm eV} are not excluded by SN~1987A. A substantial transfer of energy in neutrino-nucleon ($\nu N$) collisions is enabled which may alter the spectra of SN neutrinos relative to calculations where energy-conserving $\nu N$ collisions had been assumed near the neutrinosphere.Comment: 8 pages. REVTeX. 2 postscript figures, can be included with epsf. Small modifications of the text, a new "Note Added", and three new references. To be published in Phys. Rev. Let