Defocus test and defocus correction in full-field optical coherence tomography

We report experimental evidence and correction of defocus in full-field OCT of biological samples due to mismatch of the refractive index of biological tissues and water. Via a metric based on the image quality, we demonstrate that we are able to compensate this index-induced defocus and to recover a sharp image in depth.Comment: 7 pages, 3 figures, minor changes, 1 figure adde

Long-term effects of evolocumab in participants with HIV and dyslipidemia: results from the open-label extension period

Objectives: People with HIV (PWH) are at an increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Suboptimal responses to statin therapy in PWH may result from antiretroviral therapies (ARTs). This open-label extension study aimed to evaluate the long-term safety and efficacy of evolocumab up to 52\u200aweeks in PWH. Design: This final analysis of a multinational, placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized phase 3 trial evaluated the effect of monthly subcutaneous evolocumab 420\u200amg on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) during the open-label period (OLP) following 24\u200aweeks of double-blind period in PWH with hypercholesterolemia/mixed dyslipidemia. All participants enrolled had elevated LDL-C or nonhigh-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) and were on stable maximally tolerated statin and stable ART. Methods: Efficacy was assessed by percentage change from baseline in LDL-C, triglycerides, and atherogenic lipoproteins. Treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) were examined. Results: Of the 467 participants randomized in the double-blind period, 451 (96.6%) received at least one dose of evolocumab during the OLP (mean age of 56.4\u200ayears, 82.5% male, mean duration with HIV of 17.4\u200ayears). By the end of the 52-week OLP, the overall mean (SD) percentage change in LDL-C from baseline was -57.8% (22.8%). Evolocumab also reduced triglycerides, atherogenic lipid parameters (non-HDL-C, apolipoprotein B, total cholesterol, very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and lipoprotein[a]), and increased HDL-C. TEAEs were similar between placebo and evolocumab during the OLP. Conclusion: Long-term administration of evolocumab lowered LDL-C and non-HDL-C, allowing more PWH to achieve recommended lipid goals with no serious adverse events. Trail registration: NCT02833844. Video abstract: http://links.lww.com/QAD/C441

Neurocognitive and Neuroimaging Predictors of Clinical Outcome in Bipolar Disorder

Historically, bipolar disorder has been conceptualized as a disease involving episodic rather than chronic dysfunction. However, increasing evidence indicates that bipolar disorder is associated with substantial inter-episode psychosocial and vocational impairment. Here we review the contributions of neurocognitive deficits and structural and functional neuroanatomic alterations to the observed functional impairments. In particular, compelling evidence now suggests that neurocognitive impairments, particularly in the areas of attention, processing speed, and memory, are associated with functional outcome. Although investigation of the neural correlates of functional disability in bipolar disorder is only in its nascent stages, preliminary evidence suggests that white matter abnormalities may be predictive of poor outcome. A better understanding of the relationship between neurocognitive and neuroimaging assays and functional outcome has the potential to improve current treatment options and provide targets for new treatment strategies in bipolar disorder

Modulation of NK cell activation by exogenous calcium from alginate dressings in vitro

Natural Killer (NK) cells participate in the defense against infection by killing pathogens and infected cells and secreting immuno-modulatory cytokines. Defects in NK cell activity have been reported in obese, diabetic, and elderly patients that are at high risk of developing infected chronic wounds. Calcium alginate dressings are indicated for the debridement during the inflammatory phase of healing. Since calcium ions are major activators of NK cells, we hypothesized that these dressings could enhance NK functions, as investigated in vitro herein. Primary human blood NK cells were freshly-isolated from healthy volunteers and exposed to conditioned media (CM) from two alginate dressings, Algosteril® (ALG, pure Ca2+ alginate) and Biatain® Alginate (BIA, Ca2+ alginate with CMC), in comparison with an exogenous 3mM calcium solution. Our results demonstrated that exogenous calcium and ALG-CM, but not BIA-CM, induced NK cell activation and enhanced their capacity to kill their targets as a result of increased degranulation. NK cell stimulation by ALG depended on the influx of extracellular Ca2+via the SOCE Ca2+ permeable plasma membrane channels. ALG-CM also activated NK cell cytokine production of IFN-γ and TNF-α through a partly Ca2+-independent mechanism. This work highlights the non-equivalence between alginate dressings for NK cell stimulation and shows that the pure calcium alginate dressing Algosteril® enhances NK cell cytotoxic and immuno-modulatory activities. Altogether, these results underline a specific property of this medical device in innate defense that is key for the cutaneous wound healing process

Low loss coatings for the VIRGO large mirrors

présentée par L. PinardThe goal of the VIRGO program is to build a giant Michelson type interferometer (3 kilometer long arms) to detect gravitational waves. Large optical components (350 mm in diameter), having extremely low loss at 1064 nm, are needed. Today, the Ion beam Sputtering is the only deposition technique able to produce optical components with such performances. Consequently, a large ion beam sputtering deposition system was built to coat large optics up to 700 mm in diameter. The performances of this coater are described in term of layer uniformity on large scale and optical losses (absorption and scattering characterization). The VIRGO interferometer needs six main mirrors. The first set was ready in June 2002 and its installation is in progress on the VIRGO site (Italy). The optical performances of this first set are discussed. The requirements at 1064 nm are all satisfied. Indeed, the absorption level is close to 1 ppm (part per million), the scattering is lower than 5 ppm and the R.M.S. wavefront of these optics is lower than 8 nm on 150 mm in diameter. Finally, some solutions are proposed to further improve these performances, especially the absorption level (lower than 0.1 ppm) and the mechanical quality factor Q of the mirrors (thermal noise reduction)

The Virgo data acquisition system

International audienc

The gravitational wave detector VIRGO

International audienc

Familial hypercholesterolaemia in children and adolescents from 48 countries: a cross-sectional study

Background: Approximately 450 000 children are born with familial hypercholesterolaemia worldwide every year, yet only 2·1% of adults with familial hypercholesterolaemia were diagnosed before age 18 years via current diagnostic approaches, which are derived from observations in adults. We aimed to characterise children and adolescents with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia (HeFH) and understand current approaches to the identification and management of familial hypercholesterolaemia to inform future public health strategies. Methods: For this cross-sectional study, we assessed children and adolescents younger than 18 years with a clinical or genetic diagnosis of HeFH at the time of entry into the Familial Hypercholesterolaemia Studies Collaboration (FHSC) registry between Oct 1, 2015, and Jan 31, 2021. Data in the registry were collected from 55 regional or national registries in 48 countries. Diagnoses relying on self-reported history of familial hypercholesterolaemia and suspected secondary hypercholesterolaemia were excluded from the registry; people with untreated LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) of at least 13·0 mmol/L were excluded from this study. Data were assessed overall and by WHO region, World Bank country income status, age, diagnostic criteria, and index-case status. The main outcome of this study was to assess current identification and management of children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia. Findings: Of 63 093 individuals in the FHSC registry, 11 848 (18·8%) were children or adolescents younger than 18 years with HeFH and were included in this study; 5756 (50·2%) of 11 476 included individuals were female and 5720 (49·8%) were male. Sex data were missing for 372 (3·1%) of 11 848 individuals. Median age at registry entry was 9·6 years (IQR 5·8-13·2). 10 099 (89·9%) of 11 235 included individuals had a final genetically confirmed diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolaemia and 1136 (10·1%) had a clinical diagnosis. Genetically confirmed diagnosis data or clinical diagnosis data were missing for 613 (5·2%) of 11 848 individuals. Genetic diagnosis was more common in children and adolescents from high-income countries (9427 [92·4%] of 10 202) than in children and adolescents from non-high-income countries (199 [48·0%] of 415). 3414 (31·6%) of 10 804 children or adolescents were index cases. Familial-hypercholesterolaemia-related physical signs, cardiovascular risk factors, and cardiovascular disease were uncommon, but were more common in non-high-income countries. 7557 (72·4%) of 10 428 included children or adolescents were not taking lipid-lowering medication (LLM) and had a median LDL-C of 5·00 mmol/L (IQR 4·05-6·08). Compared with genetic diagnosis, the use of unadapted clinical criteria intended for use in adults and reliant on more extreme phenotypes could result in 50-75% of children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia not being identified. Interpretation: Clinical characteristics observed in adults with familial hypercholesterolaemia are uncommon in children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia, hence detection in this age group relies on measurement of LDL-C and genetic confirmation. Where genetic testing is unavailable, increased availability and use of LDL-C measurements in the first few years of life could help reduce the current gap between prevalence and detection, enabling increased use of combination LLM to reach recommended LDL-C targets early in life

Development of models of mouse humanisees for the study of the immune system of the skin in vivo cells

Le développement de nouvelles stratégies vaccinales et le traitement de nombreuses pathologies dermatologiques font partis des enjeux majeurs des années à venir. L'étude et la compréhension des mécanismes de réponses immunitaires cutanées sont ainsi essentielles. Les cellules de Langerhans épidermiques et les cellules dendritiques dermiques jouent un rôle central dans l'immunité adaptative spécifique à un pathogène, et dans l'immunité innée, de par leur fonction de présentation des antigènes (APC), mais également d'activateur et de régulateur de l'action des autres cellules immunitaires. Durant ce travail de recherche, nous avons mis au point et testé plusieurs modèles d'étude des mécanismes de l'immunité cutanée. Un premier modèle de " souris humanisées " a été mis au point, à partir de souris immunodéprimées NSG HLA-A2 tg et de greffes de peau humaine. Une fois le modèle techniquement mis au point, nous avons vérifié de la conservation et de la fonctionnalité des APC. La faible conservation des APC au-delà de plusieurs semaines, nous a conduit à mettre au point un deuxième modèle de " souris humanisées " qui bénéficiaient d'injections intra-hépatiques de progéniteurs hématopoïétiques humains. La colonisation en APCs cutanées humaines n'étant pas suffisante, il a fallu injecter aux souris des APCs provenant du même sang que les progéniteurs hématopoïétiques afin d'obtenir une réponse immunitaire suffisante. La faible concentration en APC cutanées de ce modèle, la lourdeur et le coût de mise au point sont des limites non négligeables pour l'utilisation de ce support d'étude. Ces souris humanisées sont d’excellents modèles d’étude, mais ils présentent chacun leurs limites. Lorsque cela est possible il est ainsi plus simple d’utiliser des explants cutanés frais. Nous avons quantifié les APC cutanées en fonction du site d’origine (abdomen, seins…) et de l’âge du donneur de ces explants issus de chirurgie plastique. Sur les 21 explants testés, nous n’avons pas retrouvé de différence significative dans la concentration en APC quel que soit le site et l’âge du donneur. Ces 3 modèles offrent des possibilités d’étude des mécanismes de l’immunité cutanée, nous les utilisons actuellement au sein du laboratoire pour des tests vaccinaux, et pour l’étude du rôle de l’IL-32 produite par les kératinocytes impliqués dans l’activation des cellules de Langerhans.The development of new vaccination strategies and the treatment of many dermatological pathologies are among the major challenges of the years to come. The study and understanding of the mechanisms of cutaneous immune responses are thus essential. Epidermal Langerhans cells and dermal dendritic cells play a central role in pathogen-specific adaptive immunity, and in innate immunity, by their antigen presenting function (APC), but also as an activator and regulator of the action of other immune cells.During this research, we developed and tested several models for the study of the mechanisms of cutaneous immunity. A first model of "humanized mice" was developed from immunosuppressed NSG HLA-A2 tg mice and human skin grafts. Once the model was technically developed, we verified the conservation and functionality of the APCs. The low PCA retention beyond several weeks, led us to develop a second model of "humanized mice" that benefited from intrahepatic injections of human hematopoietic progenitors. Since colonization in human skin APCs was not sufficient, it was necessary to inject the APCs from the same blood as the hematopoietic progenitors to obtain a sufficient immune response. The low concentration of skin APCs in this model, the cumbersomeness and the cost of development are not insignificant limits for the use of this study support.These humanized mice are excellent models of study, but they each have their limitations. Where possible, it is thus easier to use fresh skin explants. We quantified the cutaneous APCs according to the site of origin (abdomen, breasts ...) and the age of the donor of these explants resulting from plastic surgery. Of the 21 explants tested, there was no significant difference in APC concentration at any site and age of the donor.These three models offer possibilities for studying the mechanisms of skin immunity, we are currently using them in the laboratory for vaccine tests, and for studying the role of IL-32 produced by the keratinocytes involved in l activation of Langerhans cells