Comparing outpatient oral antibiotic use in Germany and the Netherlands from 2012 to 2016

PURPOSE: Overuse of antibiotics is of concern, but may differ between European countries. This study compares outpatient use of oral antibiotics between Germany (DE) and the Netherlands (NL). METHODS For DE, we used the DAPI database with information on dispensings at the expense of the Statutory Health Insurance Funds from > 80% of community pharmacies. For NL, data were obtained from the Dutch Foundation for Pharmaceutical Statistics. Use of oral antibiotics was estimated as defined daily doses per 1000 inhabitants per day (DID), except for age comparisons as packages per 1000 inhabitants annually. National time trends were assessed with linear regression, stratified for the major antibiotic classes, and individual substances. RESULTS: From 2012 to 2016, outpatient antibiotic use was lower in NL than in DE (9.64 vs 14.14 DID in 2016) and non‐significantly decreased slightly over time in both countries. In DE, dispensings of oral antibiotics to children were higher compared with NL for the age groups 2 to 5 (2.0‐fold in 2016) and 6 to 14 years (2.7‐fold in 2016). Use of cephalosporins was very low in NL (0.02 DID in 2016), but the second most frequently dispensed class in DE (2.95 DID in 2016). CONCLUSION: From 2012 to 2016, outpatient use of oral antibiotics was lower in NL than in DE. Differences were primarily observed in the age groups 2 to 5 and 6 to 14 years, although the recommendations of evidence‐based guidelines in both countries were in agreement

Potensi Penambahan Probiotik (Lactobacillus Pentosus K50) Untuk Meningkatkan Kualitas Pakan Ikan Air Tawar

Pakan merupakan sumber nutrisi bagi ikan, dapat diproses dengan penambahan probiotik. Probiotik merupakan mikroba yang berperan untuk meningkatkan kesehatan inang dan kualitas pakan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui viabilitas bakteri asam laktat (BAL), jumlah bakteri Salmonella dan coliform, kapang, serta kandungan nutrisi pakan. Perlakuan fermentasi terdiri dari tanpa penambahan BAL (kontrol), penambahan BAL Sp. 1, probiotik (Lactobacillus pentosus K50), dan bakteri konsorsium (Lactobacillus pentosus K50 dan BAL Sp. 1). Jumlah BAL, Salmonella dan coliform serta kapang dideteksi dengan metode Total Plate Count. Kandungan protein diuji menggunakan metode Kjedahl, karbohidrat dengan metode total carbohydrate by difference, dan lemak, abu, serta air dengan metode gravimetri. Data dianalisis menggunakan one way ANOVA selang kepercayaan 95 %. Viabilitas BAL pada perlakuan penambahan BAL Sp.1 mengalami penurunan dari hari ke-0 sampai 20, sedangkan perlakuan dengan penambahan Lactobacillus pentosus K50 dan konsorsium meningkat dari hari ke- 0 sampai 20 berturut-turut 12,6 x 108 CFU/g menjadi 17,4 x 108 CFU/g dan 11,2 x 108 CFU/g menjadi 14,9 x 108 CFU/g. Bakteri Salmonella tidak tumbuh dalam pakan kontrol dan fermentasi. Jumlah bakteri coliform dan kapang dalam pakan terfermentasi dengan perlakuan probiotik dan bakteri konsorsium mengalami penurunan hari ke-5 sampai 20. Jumlah kapang pada perlakuan dengan penambahan BAL Sp. 1 mengalami fluktuasi disebabkan meningkatnya kadar air selama fermentasi. Kandungan protein relatif stabil, sedangkan kandungan lemak, karbohidrat, dan abu mengalami penurunan selama fermentasi. Penambahan probiotik dalam pakan dapat menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri coliform dan kapang, serta menjaga stabilitas nutrisi pakan

Control of mango anthracnose using plant tonic

Anthracnose is a disease which is one of the major problem that reduce world mango production (Yahia, 2011). It is a postharvest disease that cause because of the high rainfall and high humidity that promote infestation of mycelium of fungus C. gloeosporioides (Fitzell and Peak, 1984; Jeffries et al., 1990; Dodd et al., 1992). Black lesion of the disease make the fruit is in bad appearance and reduce its taste. This is serious can be control physically, chemically and biologically. Nowadays, demand for biological approach being elevated since people now more aware about food production localize from natural alternatives . This is study will be conducted to identify plant tonic as a biological approach to control anthracnose on mango. Plant extract or Plant Tonic will be used to suppress C. gloeosporioides. This method is still new but there is evidence that it will be effective to control anthracnose. Therefore, this study were conducted to evaluate more about potential of Plant Tonic as a biocontrol surfactant to control anthracnose. Plant Tonic made up of natural ingredients that contain some of free fatty acid such as lauric acid, caprylic acid, acpric acid or myristic acid that helps to against pathogen by a few regulations. Result from this study is mango was free from black lesion of anthracnose after treat with plant tonic. This were indicate that black lesion of anthracnose were suppressed as a result of suppression by plant tonic that have ability to inhibit the growth of C. gloeosporioides on the mango

Validity of bacterial pneumonia score for predicting bacteremia in children with pneumonia

Background Bacteremia in children with pneumonia reflects a severe condition, with longer duration of hospital care and potentially lethal complications. Early detection of bacteremia in patients with pneumonia may reduce serious complications. Few bacteremia screening tools have been widely used in chidren with pneumonia. One of those tools is the bacterial pneumonia score (BPS). Objective To assess the validity of the bacterial pneumonia score for predicting bacteremia in pediatric patients with pneumonia. Methods A diagnostic test was conducted on children aged 1 to 60 months hospitalized with pneumonia from December 2009 to August 2010. Subjects were collected consecutively. Pneumonia was diagnosed using the World Healt Organization (WHO) criteria. Subjects underwent complete blood counts and blood culture examinations at admission. Statistical analyses included sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value (PPV/NPV), positive and negative likelihood ratio (PLR/NLR), and post-test probability. Results Our study included 229 children. Based on BPS with a cut-off score of â?¥ 4, the sensitivity was 83.3%, specificity 49.7%, PPV 8.4%, NPV 98.2%, PLR 1.66, NLR 0.31, and post-test probability 8.4% for detecting bacteremia in pediatric pneumonia patients. Conclusion BPS can not be used for predicting bacteremia in pediatric patients with pneumonia

Information Retrieval. Skriptum zur Vorlesung

2 IR-Konzepte