A Historical Study of the Position of pharmacists and Structure of Hospital Pharmacies in Islamic Civilization (Half of the Second Century to the Middle of the Eighth Century AH)

زمینه و هدف: داروخانه و داروسازان مستقر در آن با کارکرد‌های مختلف ساخت و ارائه دارو به عنوان یکی از بخش‌های مهم بیمارستانی دوره تمدن اسلامی دارای نقش و جایگاه مهمی بوده است. واژه‌های خزانه الادویه، خزانه الشراب، داروخانه، صیدنه، صیدنانی در متون دوره اسلامی، برای نام داروخانه به کار رفته‌اند. هدف این مقاله پاسخ به این سؤال است که جایگاه داروسازان و ساختار داروخانه‌های بیمارستانی در تمدن اسلامی چگونه بوده است؟ مواد و روش‌ها: روش تحقیق این مقاله از نوع توصیفی ـ تحلیلی مبتنی بر گردآوری اطلاعات به شیوه کتابخانه‌ای است که پس از فیش‌برداری منابع و مآخذ تاریخی به دسته‌بندی مطالب، تحلیل داده‌ها و نگارش مقاله اقدام شده است. یافته‌ها: داروخانه‌ها در دوره اسلامی یکی از بخش‌های مهم بیمارستانی بودند و داروسازان در کنار پزشکان نقش مهمی در تهیه و ارائه دارو به بیماران ایفا می‌نمودند. تاریخ داروخانه‌ها ارتباط نزدیکی با تاریخ اجتماعی، اقتصادی، فرهنگی و درمانی عصر خود داشته و بخش جداناپذیری از فرهنگ و تمدن اسلامی به حساب می‌آید. نتیجه‌گیری: داروخانه‌های بیمارستانی در دوره اسلامی دارای سلسله مراتبی بودند، از جمله رییس، خازن، عده‌ای دستیار داروساز و تعدادی فروشنده یا نسخه‌پیچ دارو بودند که زیر نظر مهتار و یا صیدلانی ارشد فعالیت می‌کرده‌اند و نقش مهمی در بهبود بیماران داشته‌اند.Background and Aim: Pharmacy and pharmacists located in it with various functions of manufacturing and providing medicine as one of the important parts of the hospital during the Islamic civilization has played an important role and position. The words al-Adawiya treasure, al-Sharab treasure, pharmacy, Sidna and Sididani are used in Islamic period texts for the name of the pharmacy. The purpose of this article is to answer the question of what is the position of pharmacists and the structure of hospital pharmacies in Islamic civilization. Materials and Methods: This research is based on a descriptive-analytical methodology and the information was collected in a library, followed by a search for historical sources in order to categorize and analyze data for the article. Findings: Pharmacies of the Islamic period were one of the most important parts of the hospital and pharmacists, along with physicians, played an important role in providing medicine to patients. The history of pharmacies is closely related to the social, economic, cultural and therapeutic history of its time and is an integral part of Islamic culture and civilization. Conclusion: Hospital pharmacies in the Islamic period had a hierarchy, including the head, the Khazen, some pharmacist assistants and a number of vendors who worked under the supervision of Mohtar or senior sididani and played an important role in improving patients.   Please cite this article as: Dashti R. A Historical Study of the Position of pharmacists and Structure of Hospital Pharmacies in Islamic Civilization (Half of the Second Century to the Middle of the Eighth Century AH). Med Hist J 2020; 12(43): 87-97

Evaluation of Body Mass Index of 3–10-year-old Children with Adenotonsillar Hypertrophy, who Referred to Khatamolanbia Hospital during 2017–2018

BACKGROUND: Adenotonsillar hypertrophy is a common disorder in the children’s population that can lead to growth disorders. Chronic adenotonsillar hypertrophy can cause a break in the normal growth of children, weight loss, and decreased growth hormone secretion. AIM: The purpose of this study was to evaluate adenotonsillar hypertrophy in the growth rate of children with height, weight, and body mass index (BMI). METHODS: In this descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study, after examining 312, 3–10-year-old children with adenotonsillar hypertrophy, who met the inclusion criteria, growth scales were evaluated and entered into the patient evaluation form. RESULTS: There was a significant relationship between BMI, height, weight, and severity of tonsillar hypertrophy at Brodsky’s scale (P <0.001). Our studies showed well that with increasing severity of adenotonsillar hypertrophy disease, the growth indicators are also decreased in children. CONCLUSION: Adenotonsillar hypertrophy decreases growth indicators in children. There was also a relationship between growth indicators and severity of adenotonsillar hypertrophy in patients

The Role of Religious Presuppositions and Precomprehensions in Selecting Narratives Related to the Cause of Revelation (Asbab al-Nuzul)

Abstract The narratives of the cause of revelation (Asbab al-Nuzul) play a decisive role in the interpretation of Quranic verses. On the other hand, when coming across with these narratives, presuppositions, and precomprehensions play an important role in selecting them.   This research tries to study the narratives of the cause of revelation in the Tafsir al Munir fi al Aqidah wa al Shariah wa al Manhaj (by Karya Wahbah al Zuhaili) and explain the role of Wahbah al Zuhaili’s religious presuppositions and precomprehensions in selecting narratives related to the cause of revelation (Asbab al-Nuzul). This study uses library research method that has been discussing the subject with a descriptive-analytical approach. This research shows that in many cases, Wahbah al Zuhaili has been influenced by religious presuppositions and precomprehenstion and has used them to develop his interpretative goals. Keywords: Wahbah al Zuhaili, Tafsir al-Munir, Asbab an-Nuzul &nbsp

Assessing the Relationship between Serum Testosterone Levels and COVID-19 Outcomes in Admitted Patients

Introduction: With the emergence of the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic, a high toll of mortality and morbidity was imposed on Iran. Despite endeavors to control the disease using the social distancing protocols, isolations, quarantine and vaccination, COVID-19 is still afflicting individuals by mutation and development of new variants. Studies suggest higher morbidity and mortality among men compared to women, and in men with underlying diseases. Studies suggest low serum testosterone level as a risk factor for more severe diseases. We aimed to assess the relation of testosterone level with laboratory investigation and its effect on COVID-19 disease outcomes. Materials and Methods: Seventy patients were selected from those referred to Shohada-e-Tajrish hospital during February 2022 till July 2022. The patients were further categorized in two groups regarding their need for respiratory support: patients who did not need invasive respiratory support and patients who needed invasive respiratory support and were admitted to the intensive care unit. Blood samples were collected for laboratory examination. Each patient was followed for one month, and the outcomes were recorded. Results: The mean age of the participants was 64.44 years including 33 men and 37 women. Mean serum total and free testosterone level was 0.45 nmol/L and 1.22 nmol/L, respectively. Demised patients were significantly older and had significantly lower total testosterone levels. D-dimer was significantly higher in demised patients. Conclusion: Serum total testosterone levels can be used as a prognostic factor to predict COVID-19 patients’ prognosis. Serum total testosterone is inversely associated with disease severity, and lower serum total testosterone level is significantly associated with higher mortality. Moreover, inflammatory markers such as D-dimer can be used to determine prognosis and severity

Fingolimod SLNs: Preparation, in vitro evaluation and Optimization of lyophilization using D-Optimal Experimental Design

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is one of the most common neurological disorders diagnosed in young adults. there are no current cures for the disease or its underlying causes, some drugs have been developed that can decrease or delay disease progression. Fingolimod is an immunomodulating drug, mostly used for treating multiple sclerosis (MS). It approximately halves the rate of relapse in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis over a two-year period; however, Fingolimod causes a number of off-target effects including cardiovascular complaints. A different delivery method may alleviate some of these effects. Lipid-based nanoparticles containing Fingolimod were prepared using cholesterol as a biocompatible lipid through a high pressure homogenization technique. The physical and chemical properties of the resulting particles, including particle size, zeta potential, morphology, drug-loading capacity and release profile, were investigated. A preferred formula was lyophilized using mannitol as the cryoprotectant. A D-optimal model was used to determine optimum freeze-drying conditions that minimized size enlargement and maximized the zeta potential of the processed particles. Results: The optimized Fingolimod SLNs are 150 nm in diameter with a Zeta potential of 19 mV. AFM imaging confirms that the particles remain spherical. Fingolimid loading efficiency was found to be 89%, and 85% of the loaded drug was released over 16 days. Results demonstrated that nanotechnology could help to prolong the drug efficacy duration as well could increase compliance of patient to continue MS control, whole life duration. Conclusion: Sustained release Fingolimod SLNs using cholesterol as the matrix are effective and may provide an alternative to oral drug administration to prolong drug administering intervals and increase chance of treatment following by patients

A microgrid formation-based restoration model for resilient distribution systems using distributed energy resources and demand response programs

In recent years, resilience enhancement of electricity distribution systems has attracted much attention due to the significant rise in high-impact rare (HR) natural event outages. The performance of the post-event restoration after an HR event is an effective measure for a resilient distribution network. In this paper, a multi-objective restoration model is presented for improving the resilience of an electricity distribution network. In the first objective function, the load shedding in the restoration process is minimized. As the second objective function, the restoration cost is minimized which contradicts the first objective function. Microgrid (MG) formation, distributed energy resources (DERs), and demand response (DR) programs are employed to create the necessary flexibility in distribution network restoration. In the proposed model, DERs include fossil-fueled generators, renewable wind-based and PV units, and energy storage system while demand response programs include transferable, curtailable, and shiftable loads. The proposed multi-objective model is solved using ɛ-constraint method and the optimal solution is selected using the fuzzy satisfying method. Finally, the proposed model was successfully examined on 37-bus and 118-bus distribution networks. Numerical results verified the efficacy of the proposed method as well.© 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).fi=vertaisarvioitu|en=peerReviewed

Circulating levels of novel adipocytokines in patients with colorectal cancer

Objective: Adipocytokines have been reported to contribute to the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer (CRC). The aim of this matched case-control study was to explore circulating novel adipocytokines, such as serum visfatin, omentin-1 and vaspin levels in patients with CRC. Method: Serum visfatin, omentin-1, and vaspin levels were measured in 69 subjects (39 patients with colorectal cancer and 30 age- and sex-matched healthy controls) using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods. Results: Compared with the controls, patients with CRC had significantly higher circulating omentin-1 (203.23 vs 9.12 ng/ml, p < 0.0001) visfatin (4.03 vs 2.01 ng/ml, p < 0.0001) and vaspin (0.54 vs 0.31 ng/ ml, p = 0.015) levels. After adjustment for covariates (age and body mass index), patients with CRC had significantly higher serum omentin-1 (p < 0.0001), visfatin (p < 0.0001), and vaspin (p = 0.040) levels than the control group. Furthermore, the results did not change when age and waist-to-hip ratio were considered as covariates in the general linear models. Conclusions: The observed higher levels of omentin-1, visfatin, and vaspin in patients with CRC, independent of measures of obesity, suggest that these adipocytokines may have a potential role in the development of CRC through mechanisms other than the indirect mechanisms that are active in the association between obesity and CRC

Circulating levels of novel adipocytokines in patients with colorectal cancer

Objective: Adipocytokines have been reported to contribute to the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer (CRC). The aim of this matched case-control study was to explore circulating novel adipocytokines, such as serum visfatin, omentin-1 and vaspin levels in patients with CRC. Method: Serum visfatin, omentin-1, and vaspin levels were measured in 69 subjects (39 patients with colorectal cancer and 30 age- and sex-matched healthy controls) using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods. Results: Compared with the controls, patients with CRC had significantly higher circulating omentin-1 (203.23 vs 9.12 ng/ml, p < 0.0001) visfatin (4.03 vs 2.01 ng/ml, p < 0.0001) and vaspin (0.54 vs 0.31 ng/ ml, p = 0.015) levels. After adjustment for covariates (age and body mass index), patients with CRC had significantly higher serum omentin-1 (p < 0.0001), visfatin (p < 0.0001), and vaspin (p = 0.040) levels than the control group. Furthermore, the results did not change when age and waist-to-hip ratio were considered as covariates in the general linear models. Conclusions: The observed higher levels of omentin-1, visfatin, and vaspin in patients with CRC, independent of measures of obesity, suggest that these adipocytokines may have a potential role in the development of CRC through mechanisms other than the indirect mechanisms that are active in the association between obesity and CRC

Involvement of mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling in growth and rupture of human intracranial aneurysms

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