23 research outputs found

    Unifying diseases through common genetic mechanisms: the example of the genetic theory of infectious diseases

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    International audienceIn the contemporary biomedical literature, every disease is considered genetic. This extension of the concept of genetic disease is usually interpreted either in a trivial or genocentrist sense, but it is never taken seriously as the expression of a genetic theory of disease. However, a group of French researchers defend the idea of a genetic theory of infectious diseases. By identifying four common genetic mechanisms (Mendelian predisposition to multiple infections, Mendelian predisposition to one infection, and major gene and polygenic predispositions), they attempt to unify infectious diseases from a genetic point of view. In this article, I analyze this explicit example of a genetic theory relying on mechanisms and applied only to a specific category of diseases, what we call ''a regional genetic theory.'' I have three aims: to prove that a genetic theory of disease can be devoid of genocentrism, to consider the possibility of a genetic theory applied to every disease, and to introduce two hypotheses about the form that such a genetic theory could take by distinguishing between a genetic theory of diseases and a genetic theory of Disease. Finally, I suggest that network medicine could be an interesting framework for a genetic theory of Disease.Dans la littĂ©rature biomĂ©dicale contemporaine, toute maladie est considĂ©rĂ©e comme gĂ©nĂ©tique. L'extension du concept de maladie gĂ©nĂ©tique est gĂ©nĂ©ralement interprĂ©tĂ©e dans un sens trivial ou gĂ©nocentriste mais elle n'est jamais prise au sĂ©rieux comme l'expression d'une thĂ©orie gĂ©nĂ©tique de la maladie. Cependant, un groupe de chercheurs français dĂ©fendent l'idĂ©e d'une thĂ©orie gĂ©nĂ©tique des maladies infectieuses. En identifiant quatre mĂ©canismes gĂ©nĂ©tiques communs (prĂ©disposition mendĂ©lienne Ă  de multiples infections, prĂ©disposition mendĂ©lienne Ă  une infection, gĂšne majeur et prĂ©disposition polygĂ©nique), ils essaient d'unifier les maladies infectieuses du point de vue gĂ©nĂ©tique. Dans cet article, j'analyse cet exemple explicite d'une thĂ©orie gĂ©nĂ©tique reposant sur des mĂ©canismes et qui s'applique seulement Ă  une catĂ©gorie spĂ©cifique de maladies, ce que j'appelle "une thĂ©orie gĂ©nĂ©tique rĂ©gionale". Je poursuis trois objectifs : prouver qu'une thĂ©orie gĂ©nĂ©tique de la maladie peut ĂȘtre dĂ©nuĂ©e de gĂ©nocentrisme, considĂ©rer la possibilitĂ© d'une thĂ©orie gĂ©nĂ©tique appliquĂ©e Ă  toutes les maladies et introduire deux hypothĂšses sur la forme qu'une telle thĂ©orie gĂ©nĂ©tique pourrait prendre en distinguant d'une part "une thĂ©orie gĂ©nĂ©tique des maladies" et "une thĂ©orie gĂ©nĂ©tique de la Maladie". Enfin, je suggĂšre que la mĂ©decine des rĂ©seaux pourrait constituer un cadre intĂ©ressant pour une thĂ©orie gĂ©nĂ©tique de la Maladie

    Médecine de précision et médecine des systÚmes : La médecine personnalisée se trompe-t-elle de cible ?

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    The term ‘personalized’ medicine can alternatively designate either precision medicine or systems medicine. The goal of this paper is to analyze the relationships between these two faces of personalized medicine, through the development of targeted therapies. Targeted therapies have been developed in the framework of precision medicine, by relying on the concept of oncogenic addiction and on the idea that, for each biomarker allowing the identification of a cancer subtype, there would be a specific therapy corresponding. This model has provided great therapeutic successes, but has also met some limitations, especially with the apparition of resistances to targeted therapies. In order to understand these limitations, I believe we should rather turn towards systems medicine. Indeed, I argue that systems medicine relies on concepts of robustness and functional redundancy, that allow us to understand how the apparition of resistance is an inelectuable (and not transient) consequence of the development of targeted therapies. Hence, I aim to show how medicine systems allows to think differently about therapeutic strategies in cancer and the evolution of precision medicine. Le terme de mĂ©decine personnalisĂ©e peut dĂ©signer indiffĂ©remment la mĂ©decine de prĂ©cision et la mĂ©decine des systĂšmes. L’objectif de cet article est d’analyser les rapports entre ces deux faces de la mĂ©decine personnalisĂ©e, au prisme de l’histoire du dĂ©veloppement des thĂ©rapies ciblĂ©es. Les thĂ©rapies ciblĂ©es ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ©es dans le cadre de la mĂ©decine de prĂ©cision, en s’appuyant sur le concept d’addiction oncogĂ©nique et sur l’idĂ©e qu’à chaque biomarqueur permettant d’identifier un sous-type de cancer correspondrait un mĂ©dicament prĂ©cis. Ce modĂšle a permis des succĂšs thĂ©rapeutiques remarquables, mais a Ă©galement rencontrĂ© des limites, notamment avec l’apparition des rĂ©sistances aux thĂ©rapies ciblĂ©es. Pour mieux comprendre les raisons de ces limites, il me semble qu’il faut justement se tourner plutĂŽt vers la mĂ©decine des systĂšmes. Je soutiens en particulier que cette derniĂšre repose sur des concepts de robustesse et de redondance fonctionnelle, qui nous permettent de comprendre en quoi l’apparition des phĂ©nomĂšnes de rĂ©sistance est une consĂ©quence inĂ©luctable et non transitoire du dĂ©veloppement des thĂ©rapies ciblĂ©es. Il s’agit donc de montrer comment la mĂ©decine des systĂšmes permet de penser diffĂ©remment les stratĂ©gies thĂ©rapeutiques dans la prise en charge du cancer et l’évolution future de la mĂ©decine de prĂ©cisio

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    Reuniting philosophy and science to advance cancer research

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    Cancers rely on multiple, heterogeneous processes at different scales, pertaining to many biomedical fields. Therefore, understanding cancer is necessarily an interdisciplinary task that requires placing specialised experimental and clinical research into a broader conceptual, theoretical, and methodological framework. Without such a framework, oncology will collect piecemeal results, with scant dialogue between the different scientific communities studying cancer. We argue that one important way forward in service of a more successful dialogue is through greater integration of applied sciences (experimental and clinical) with conceptual and theoretical approaches, informed by philosophical methods. By way of illustration, we explore six central themes: (i) the role of mutations in cancer; (ii) the clonal evolution of cancer cells; (iii) the relationship between cancer and multicellularity; (iv) the tumour microenvironment; (v) the immune system; and (vi) stem cells. In each case, we examine open questions in the scientific literature through a philosophical methodology and show the benefit of such a synergy for the scientific and medical understanding of cancer

    Is there a genetic theory of disease ?

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    Alors qu’il n’existe pas de dĂ©finition consensuelle du concept de maladie gĂ©nĂ©tique, ce concept s’est progressivement Ă©largi pour dĂ©signer des maladies communes, non hĂ©rĂ©ditaires, non mendĂ©liennes et polygĂ©niques, aboutissant Ă  une gĂ©nĂ©ticisation des maladies. Pour rĂ©soudre ce paradoxe de la gĂ©nĂ©tique mĂ©dicale contemporaine, les philosophes rĂ©futent gĂ©nĂ©ralement cette gĂ©nĂ©ticisation comme une extension gĂ©nocentriste abusive du concept de maladie gĂ©nĂ©tique et cherchent Ă  redĂ©finir un concept plus strict de maladie gĂ©nĂ©tique. Nous montrons que cette stratĂ©gie Ă©choue et proposons au contraire d’abandonner le concept de maladie gĂ©nĂ©tique et de supposer que la gĂ©nĂ©ticisation rĂ©vĂšle l’élaboration d’une explication du rĂŽle commun des gĂšnes dans toutes les maladies, que nous appelons une « thĂ©orie gĂ©nĂ©tique de la maladie ». Nous dĂ©finissons les conditions de possibilitĂ© et les critĂšres nĂ©cessaires d’une thĂ©orie gĂ©nĂ©tique a minima et aboutissons Ă  un spectre des thĂ©ories gĂ©nĂ©tiques possibles. Nous proposons alors de tester si la gĂ©nĂ©ticisation des maladies rĂ©vĂšle plutĂŽt une thĂ©orie gĂ©nĂ©tique des maladies, c’est-Ă -dire un ensemble de thĂ©ories gĂ©nĂ©tiques spĂ©cifiques Ă  chaque classe de maladie, ou une thĂ©orie gĂ©nĂ©tique de la maladie, reposant sur une dĂ©finition gĂ©nĂ©rale de la maladie qui unifie le rĂŽle commun des gĂšnes dans toutes les maladies. Pour ce faire, nous analysons deux exemples de thĂ©ories gĂ©nĂ©tiques contemporaines : la thĂ©orie gĂ©nĂ©tique des maladies infectieuses et la thĂ©orie gĂ©nĂ©tique de la mĂ©decine des rĂ©seaux. Nous concluons Ă  la coexistence nĂ©cessaire de plusieurs formes de thĂ©ories gĂ©nĂ©tiques dans la littĂ©rature biomĂ©dicale contemporaine.While there is no consensual definition of the concept of genetic disease, this concept has gradually extended to designate common, non-hereditary, non-Mendelian, polygenic diseases, leading to the geneticization of diseases. In order to solve this paradox of the contemporary medical genetics, philosophers usually discard geneticization as an inappropriate genocentrist extension of the concept of genetic disease and attempt to define a stricter concept of genetic disease. We demonstrate the failure of this strategy and argue on the contrary that we should give up the concept of genetic disease and understand geneticization as the elaboration of an explanation of the common role of genes in diseases, what we call “a genetic theory of disease”. We define the conditions of possibility and the necessary criteria for a genetic theory a minima and end up with describing the spectrum of potential genetic theories. We then suggest to test whether geneticization of diseases reveals rather a genetic theory of diseases, that is, a set of genetic theories specific to each class of disease, or a genetic theory of disease, that is, a general definition of disease unifying the common role of genes in disease explanations. In order to do so, we analyse two examples of contemporary genetic theories: the genetic theory of infectious diseases and the genetic theory of network medicine. We conclude that several forms of genetic theories coexist in the contemporary biomedical literature and that this coexistence is necessary
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