Promene sastava masnih kiselina i sadržaja lipida u mesu šarana (cyprinus carpio l.) U zavisnosti od dodatne hrane

U ovom radu razmatrane su promene grupa masnih kiselina (zasićenih, mononezasićenih, polinezasićenih n-3 i n-6, kao i njihovog odnosa n-3/n-6) u zavisnosti od sadržaja lipida u mesu šarana sa dve vrste prihranjivanja (ekstrudirane hrane i kukuruza). Vrsta korišćene hrane značajno je uticala na sadržaj lipida deponovanih u tkivu ribe. Korelacija lipida sa sastavom masnih kiselina pokazala je, da se sa povećanjem sadržaja lipida u mesu šarana, masnokiselinski sastav značajno menjao: povećavale su se mononezasićene masne kiseline, sa dominantnom oleinskom kiselinom (18:1n-9), a istovremeno smanjivale n-3 i n-6 polinezasićene masne kiseline. Istraživanja koja su prikazana u ovom radu su ukazala na opravdanost prihranjivanja šarana ekstrudiranom hranom u cilju poboljšanja kvaliteta mesa ribe

Hemijski sastav i sadržaj holesterola u komercijalnim slatkovodnim vrstama riba u Srbiji

Riba se, pripremljena na različite načine, konzumira u celom svetu, zahvaljujući činjenici da riblje meso sadrži veoma značajne komponente za ishranu ljudi. Riba je bogat izvor visokovrednih proteina, vitamina i esencijalnih minerala, ali iznad svega predsavlja veoma bogat izvor omega-3 i omega-6 polinezasićenih masnih kiselina, koje su veoma značajne za zaštitu zdravlja potrošača. Holesterol je, takođe, značajan za organizam čoveka. Potrošnja namirnica sa visikom sadržajem holesterola može da ima za posledicu nastajanje brojnih kardiovaskularnih oboljenja. Cilj ovih ispitivanja je bio da se odredi hemijski sastav i sadržaj holesterola u komercijalnim slatkovodnim vrstama riba (amur, tolstolobik i šaran), gajenim u dva objekta za akvakvakulturu u Srbiji. Sa druge strane, da bi se poredili parametri kvaliteta (proteini, voda, mast, pepeo) i sadržaj holesterola u ribljim vrstama, gajenim u Srbiji sa uvoznim, u poslednje vreme veoma zastupljenim na našem tržištu, uzorci pangasiusa iz Vijetnama takođe su analizirani. U ovom radu analizirani su uzorci amura, tolstolobika i šarana gajenih u dva ribnjaka sa poluintezivim uzgojem ali različitim načinima ishrane. U prvom ribnjaku riba je hranjena komercijalnom ekstrudiranom hranom, dok su u drugom ribnjaku, kao dodatna hrana prirodnoj, korišćene žitarice. Uzorci pangasiusa iz Vijetnama uzeti su sa tržišta. Statističkom evaluacijom dobijenih rezultata za hemiski sastav (proteini, voda, mast, pepeo) i sadržaj holesterola u amuru, tolstolobiku i šaranu iz prvog ribnjaka ustanovljeno je da postoji statistički značajna razlika (p0,005) između sadržaja holesterola u tolstolobiku i amuru. U drugom ribnjaku, sa izuzetkom sadržaja proteina, takođe je ustanovljeno da postoji statistički zanačajna razlika (p<0,005) u sadržaju istog parametra kvaliteta kod najmanje dve vrste ribe. Statistički značajna razlika u sadržaju holesterola ustanovljna je između tolstolobika i amura. Dobijeni rezultati ovih istraživanja ukazuju da se amur, u poređenju sa šaranom i tolstolobikom iz oba ribnjaka, može smatrati nutritivno najkvalitetnijom vrstom ribe. Ispitana riba iz familije ciprinida (šaran, tolstolobik i amur) iz domaće akvakulture ima veći sadržaj proteina u odnosu na pangasiusa iz Vijetnama, tako da ona predstavlja nutritivno kvalitetniju namirnicu u ishrani ljudi

Multivarijantna analiza sastava masnih kiselina mesa šarana u toku poluintenzivnog gajenja

Poređenje masnokiselinskog sastava mesa šarana pomoću multivarijantnih metoda, kao što su analiza glavnih komponenti (PCA) i linearna diskriminaciona analiza (LDA), omogućava razdvajanje riba prema načinu ishrane i bolje razumevanje promena u sastavu masnih kiselina tokom uzgoja. U periodu od aprila do oktobra, sa šaranskog ribnjaka u kojem je riba bila prihranjivana ekstrudiranom hranom, ispitano je dvadeset osam šarana. Mase riba su se značajno povećale između juna i septembra (P 0,6; P < 0,0001). Zbog veće dostupnosti prirodne hrane, u aprilu i junu, došlo je do povećanja sadržaja n-3 polinezasićenih masnih kiselina u mesu šarana, što je doprinelo boljem kvalitetu ribe. Prihrana šarana sa ekstrudiranom hranom uticala je na povećanje sadržaja n-6 polinezasićenih masnih kiselina, koje su u septembru bile značajno veće u odnosu na juni (P < 0,01), ali i na smanjenje nutritivno važnih n-3 polinezasićenih masnih kiselina (P < 0,01). Odnos n-3/n-6 je bio najveći u junu (0,30), a najmanji u oktobru (0,16). LDA analizom postignuto je razdvajanje šarana prema periodu uzorkovanja, što je u korelaciji sa vrstom unete hrane u ovim periodima. Najveća sličnost u masnokiselinskom sastavu ustanovljena je između šarana u septembru i oktobru, kao posledica smanjenja količine dostupne prirodne hrane i većeg unosa ekstrudirane hrane. PCA i LDA su pokazale da je došlo do značajnih promena u sastavu masnih kiselina šarana tokom uzgoja ribe. Rezultati koji su dobijeni u ovom radu o uticaju ishrane na sastav masnih kiselina i sadržaj lipida u mesu šarana doprineće poboljšanju načina ishrane i konsekventno kvalitetu mesa gajenog šarana

Convergence on EU and USA Food Safety Regulation Approach, Regarding Foodborne Outbreaks

AbstractInternational food trade facilitates transport of either fresh food or traditional products worldwide. This facilitates availability of foodstuff, and enables migration of unsafe food. The most common food safety risk are foodborne pathogens, since they are ubiquitous and can cause epidemic spread. European Union and USA markets are the most dynamic in the world, so it was necessary to obtain satisfactory regulations at national and international level. Official number of foodborne outbreaks in 2013 are 5196 for Europe and 818 for the US. FSMA is the latest US policy change in approaching to Europe practice of preventing rather than reparing

Mikrobiološki aspekti ekološkog statusa šaranskog ribnjaka tokom trogodišnjeg perioda

Šaranski ribnjaci su, pored pastrmskih ribnjaka jedan od dva najzastupljenija vida akvakulture na našim prostorima. Konzumni šaran može da dostigne dužinu od preko 30 cm i masu preko 6 kg. Meso šarana bogato je polinezasićenim masnim kiselinama koje imaju korisno delovanje u ishrani. Šaran iz akvakulture, dobro je prilagođen na uslove životne sredine, koji su slični onima u prirodnom staništu. Naseljava bentos i pelagijal, rastresiti mulj i vegetaciju širokih, usporenih vodotokova. Šaran je omnivor i hrani se rečnim rakovima, insektima, crvima, larvama i submerznim biljkama. Pored makroozooplanktna i makrozoobentosa, mikroskopski vidljive alge, bakterije, gljive i virusi prisutne su u ekosistemu šaranskih ribnjaka. Bakterije mogu biti korisne, bezopasne, štetne ili patogene. E. coli i Enterobacteriaceae važni su pokazatelji fekalnog zagađenja vode i rizika po zdravlje gajenih životinja. Zdrave jedinke šarana u svom crevnom sistemu imaju korisne bakterije, saprofite, koje u uslovima optimalnog metabolizma, postaju dominantne. Saprofitnu mikrofloru crevnog sistema šarana čine, sa više od 99 % Bacillus spp., Bifidobacterium spp., Lactobacillus spp., Saccharomycetes, itd. Aerobne i fakultativno aerobne bakterije čine oko 1 % crevne mikroflore. Različite su bakterije koje izazivaju oboljenja gajene ribe. Aeromonas spp. su Gram- negativne bakterije koje naseljavaju prirodno stanište slatkovodnih i morskih ekosistema a i deo su oportunističke saprofitne mikroflore gastrointestinalnog trakta. Aeromonas spp. vrlo je čest izolat iz hemoragičnih lezija i nekrotičnih delova tkiva. Kod šarana, Aeromonas salmonicida dovodi do oboljenja, poznatijeg kao eritrodermatitis. Septikemije kod šarana mogu izazvati pokretljive aeromonade, A. hydrophila, A. sobria i A.caviae. U slučaju oboljenja šarana, gde je veoma velika gustina populacije ribe u ribnjaku, lako dolazi do širenja bolesti, a sama bolest teško se iskorenjuje, uz velike ekonomske gubitke. Enterobakterije obuhvataju rodove Escherichia, Salmonella, Klebsiella, Edwardsiella i Yersinia. Ukupno je ispitivano po 6 uzoraka ribe (koža i mišić), hrane za ribe, mulja i vode, tokom 4 godišnja doba, tokom trogodišnjeg perioda. Uzorci kože i mišića šarana ispitivani su prema metodama propisanim u Pravilniku o metodama vršenja mikrobioloških analiza i superanaliza životnih namirnica (Sl. list SFRJ br.25/80). Na ovaj način uzorci su ispitani na prisustvo Salmonella spp., Proteus spp., E.coli, Clostridium spp. i Staphylococcus aureus. Odgovarajućim ISO i ostalim mikrobiološkim metodama utvrđivano je prisustvo Aeromonas hydrophila, Vibrio parachaemoliticus., Yersinia enterocolitica., P. aeruginosa, odnosno E. coli, koliformnih bakterija i intestinalnih enterokoka. Ukupan broj bakterija izolovanih iz kože i mišića kretao se od 3.11 log10 CFU/g do 4.72 log10 CFU/g. E.coli izolovana je iz barem jednog uzorka kože od šest ispitivanih, tokom svih uzorkovanja. Ostali patogeni mikroorganizmi nisu izolovani iz tkiva. Ukupan broj koliformnih bakterija u vodi nije prelazio 198 bakterija/100 ml, dok su u mulju nađeni predstavnici rodova Aeromonas i Clostridium, pored E.coli. Hrana za ribe bila je mikrobiološki ispravna po kriterijumima važećeg Pravilnika. Na osnovu ovih pokazatelja može se zaključiti da je proizvodnja šarana u veštačkom sistemu akvakulture omogućila dobijanje mikrobiološki ispravnog mesa iz ujednačenog ekosistema najsličnijeg prirodnom staništu rečnog šarana C. carpio

Comparison of two Analytical Methods (ELISA and LC-MS/MS) for Determination of Aflatoxin B1 in Corn and Aflatoxin M1 in Milk

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to assess the closeness of agreement between results of ELISA and LC-MS/MS methods for determination of aflatoxin B1 in corn and aflatoxin M1 in milk. Samples of corn (n=100) and milk (n=250) were simultaneously analyzed using ELISA and LC-MS/MS methods, after the severe drought that affected Serbia in summer 2012 resulting in occurrence of aflatoxin B1 in corn and aflatoxin M1 in milk. Regression analysis showed higher level of agreement between aflatoxin B1 samples (R2=0.994), compared to aflatoxin M1 samples (R2=0.920). However, both techniques were satisfactory in meeting the requirements for official control purposes

Characterisation of Bosnia and Herzegovina honeys according to their physico-chemical properties during 2016-2017

This study evaluated the quality of 78 honeys of six different floral types (Acacia, sage [Salvia officinalis L.], linden, chestnut, honeydew and blossom), mainly from Bosnia and Herzegovina. Reducing sugars, sucrose content, moisture, hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), free acidity, water-insoluble content, diastase activity, electrical conductivity were analysed. The samples of honey, collected during 2016-2017, were analysed using recommended methods. Results show that in 2016 and 2017, a great number of individual honeys sampled were of insufficient quality to satisfy regulatory requirements. Among the overall determined parameters, hydroxymethylfurfural and diastase activities in some honeys were not acceptable according to national and international regulations. A correlation between free acidity and electrical conductivity was found in both acacia and blossom honeys. HMF content and diastase activity was strongly negatively correlated in both acacia and blossom honeys. The quality of the honeys was varied, based on botanical origins, and presumably, handling and storage conditions

Posttraumatic and depressive symptoms in beta-endorphin dynamics

A disturbed beta-endorphin system can be a part of the post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression allostasis. Study subjects (N=392) included those with PTSD and/or (stress-induced) depression, and healthy controls with and without traumas. The aim of the study was to examine the network of relations centered around plasma beta-endorphin. The network included anxiety (as a personality trait), traumatic events, pain, aggressiveness, depressive symptoms, and three clusters of PTSD symptoms: intrusions, avoidance, and hyperarousal. Beta-endorphin was represented by individual mean from 13 time points (BEmean), reflecting the total amount of the peripherally secreted hormone, and the coefficient of variation (BEvar), calculated as the ratio of standard deviation to the mean, reflecting the hormone's dynamics. BEvar correlated with all other variables, BEmean had no correlations. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to examine all interrelations (including their directions) of BEvar and the state/trait variables in the context of their entirety. The model revealed that hyperarousal and anxiety were the only direct agents of peripheral beta-endorphin fluctuations, mediating the effects of other variables. Traumatic events and intrusions act on BEvar via hyperarousal, while depressive symptoms, avoidance, and pain act via anxiety. Hyperarousal should be emphasized as the main agent not only because its effect on BEvar is larger than that of anxiety, but also because it increases anxiety itself (via avoidance and pain). All influences on BEvar are positive and they indicate long-term (sensitizing) effects (as opposed to direct stimulation, for example, by acute pain, anger, etc.). Relations apart from beta-endorphin are also discussed. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved,European Commission, via Sixth Framework Programme {[}INCO-CT-2004-509213]; Ministry of Science, Serbia {[}179018, 41009

Influence of diet on proximate composition and fatty acid profile in common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

The most marketed species of fish in Serbia is common carp (Cyprinus carpio), which accounts for more than 80% of the national aquaculture. This study aimed to investigate the influence of two supplementary fish feeds (maize and extruded feed) on the proximate and fatty acid composition of carp. The results show that the protein, lipid, and ash contents were higher (P lt = 0.001) in the extruded feed compared with maize. The carp fed extruded feed exhibited significantly higher protein and moisture contents (P lt = 0.001 and P lt = 0.01, respectively), whereas the total lipid content was significantly higher (P lt = 0.001) in carp fed maize. The analysis of the fatty acid profiles showed that the saturated fatty acid (SFA) content in carp fed maize (23.94%) was lower than that in carp fed extruded feed (25.36%). The monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) content in carp fed maize (61.83%) was considerably higher compared with carp fed extruded feed (41.95%), whereas the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content in carp fed maize (13.66%) was lower than that in carp fed extruded feed (30.91%). The principal component analysis (PCA) of the fatty acid profile resulted in a two-principal-component model that described 75.94% of the total data variance. The most influential factors were determined from the loading plot governing this distinction. The n-6/n-3 ratio in carp fed extruded feed (5.8) was found to be more nutritionally beneficial than that in carp fed maize (13.8), which indicates the better nutritional properties of carp fed extruded feed

The role of personality and traumatic events in cortisol levels - Where does PTSD fit in?

Background: Studies of cortisol in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have yielded mixed results. We hypothesize that personality traits and traumatic experiences could be the confounders of cortisol measures and disease symptoms. Method: This study was a part of a broader project in which simultaneous psychological and biological investigations were carried out in hospital conditions on 400 male participants categorized by four groups: (A) 133 with current PTSD, (B) 66 with lifetime PTSD, (C) 102 trauma controls, and (D) 99 healthy controls (matched by age and education). Cortisol and ACTH were measured in blood samples taken hourly from 22:00 h to 09:00 h, with an additional sample at 07:30 h (resting state and morning rise). The next night, dexamethasone (0.5 mg) suppression test was performed. Results: No significant differences in basal cortisol and ACTH were found between study groups. The trait Conscientiousness, negatively modulated by Extraversion (assessed by NEO Personality Inventory-Revised) was found to correlate with cortisol (but not with ACTH). Group differences are found on suppression. Structural equation modeling shows excellent fit only when the paths (influences) from Conscientiousness to basal cortisol and from traumatic events to suppression are present. The paths connecting suppression and PTSD symptoms do not contribute. Conclusions: Two sources of differences of hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis functioning are implied, both only indirectly connected to PTSD. It seems that basal cortisol secretion is associated more tightly with personality (introvertively modulated Conscientiousness), while the regulation by glucocorticoid receptor system is sensitized by repeated traumatic situations. (c) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved