Relationship between Child Immunization and Household Socio-Demographic Characteristic in Pakistan

The purpose of this study is to document the child immunization and its association with the household, socio demographic characteristics which effect child immunization of children aged 12 to 23 months Pakistan.The analysis in this study is based on the Household level data taken from the Pakistan Social and Living Standard Measurement Survey (PSLM) 2010 - 2011 carried out by the Federal Bureau of Statistic, Government of Pakistan. Chi-square test and logistic regression is used for the analysis of data. The results indicate that in case of child immunization, not only child s age, but also child’s gender,resident of the child and he/she parents education, household income and family size plays a significant role. The gender differentials are more prominent in rural areas where negative impact on child immunization also exists due to the higher income inequality, among, household.The analysis of socio demographic characteristic provides the researchers, educationists and policy makers with a critical review of the issues at hand, so that appropriate policies and programmers can be designed for increasing child immunization in the country. Keywords: Child Immunization, householdsocio-demographic characteristic, Logistic regression, Chi Square, Pakista

A STUDY OF LONG-TERM SUNSPOTS AND K-INDEX GEOMETRIC CYCLES USING PROBABILISTIC MODELING

The research work done in this paper comprises the application of different well-known probability distribution models. This includes the understanding of the behavior and dynamics of 24 sunspot cycles with total data. The time-series data sets were selected from 1749 to 2014. To observe the solar activity effects on K-index activity the double cycles from 1932 to 2014 were also incorporated in the study. The comparative study is useful to observe the long-term solar-terrestrial connection. The magnetic field of the sun reverses its polarity after every 11 years of the cycle. So after every 22 years, the north pole becomes again north pole. By using the two well-known tests Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KST) and Anderson-Darling test (ADT) the probability distribution models were obtained for each sunspot cycles and compare. The significant probability models for all the sunspot cycles have been obtained. The fitted probability distribution models on selected data sets may be useful to understand the trend of solar and geomagnetic activity

POWER ALLOCATION ALGORITHM FOR MIMO BASED MULTI-HOP COOPERATIVE SENSOR NETWORK

Cooperative transmission is a new breed of wireless communication systems that enables the cooperating node in a wireless sensor network to share their radio resources by employing a distributed transmission and processing operation. This new technique offers substantial spatial diversity gains as the cooperating nodes help one another to send data over several independent paths to the destination node. In recent times, an extensive effort has been made to incorporate these systems in the future wireless networks like LTE (Long Term Evolution), IEEE 802.16j (Mobile Multi-hop Relay (MMR) Networks) and IEEE 802.16m (Mobile WiMAX Release 2 or WirelessMAN-Advanced). But, there are few technical issues which need to be addressed before this promising technique is integrated into future wireless networks. Among them, managing transmission power is a critical issue, which needs to be resolved to fully exploit the benefits of cooperative relaying. Optimal Power Allocation, is one such technique that optimally distributes the total transmission power between the source and relaying nodes thus saving a lot of power while maintaining the link quality. In the first part of the thesis, mathematical expressions of the received signals have been derived for different phases of cooperative transmission. Average-Bit-error-rate (ABER), has been taken as a performance metric to show the efficiency of cooperative relaying protocols. In the second part of this Chapter, a multi-hop framework has been presented for the power allocation algorithm with Amplify-and-Forward relaying protocol. The efficiency of the power allocation algorithm has been discussed with different scenarios i.e. First for a three node (2-Hop) wireless network configuration and then for a four node (3-Hop) wireless network configuration. The transmission scenarios (2-Hop and 3-Hop) have been further categorized into multiple cases on the basis of channel quality between source-to-destination, source-to-relay, relay-to-relay and relay-to-destination links.fi=Opinnäytetyö kokotekstinä PDF-muodossa.|en=Thesis fulltext in PDF format.|sv=Lärdomsprov tillgängligt som fulltext i PDF-format

Evaluating the feasibility of using Generative Models to generate Chest X-Ray Data

In this paper, we explore the feasibility of using generative models, specifically Progressive Growing GANs (PG-GANs) and Stable Diffusion fine-tuning, to generate synthetic chest X-ray images for medical diagnosis purposes. Due to ethical concerns, obtaining sufficient medical data for machine learning is a challenge, which our approach aims to address by synthesising more data. We utilised the Chest X-ray 14 dataset for our experiments and evaluated the performance of our models through qualitative and quantitative analysis. Our results show that the generated images are visually convincing and can be used to improve the accuracy of classification models. However, further work is needed to address issues such as overfitting and the limited availability of real data for training and testing. The potential of our approach to contribute to more effective medical diagnosis through deep learning is promising, and we believe that continued advancements in image generation technology will lead to even more promising results in the future

Crystal structure of catena-poly[[tri-methyltin(IV)]-μ-2-(2-nitrophenyl)-acetato-κ2O:O′]

The authors acknowledge the provision of funds for the purchase of a diffractometer and encouragement by Dr Muhammad Akram Chaudhary, Vice Chancellor, University of Sargodha, Pakistan.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Worldview-2 and Landsat 8 Satellite Data for Seaweed Mapping along Karachi Coast

Seaweed is a marine plant or algae which has economic value in many parts of the world. The purpose of this study is to evaluate different satellite sensors such as high-resolution WorldView-2 (WV2) satellite data and Landsat 8 30-meter resolution satellite data for mapping seaweed resources along the coastalwaters of Karachi. The continuous monitoring and mapping of this precious marine plant and their breeding sites may not be very efficient and cost effective using traditional survey techniques. Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographical Information System (GIS) can provide economical and more efficient solutions for mapping and monitoring coastal resources quantitatively as well as qualitatively at both temporal and spatial scales. Normalized Difference Vegetation Indices (NDVI) along with the image enhancement techniques were used to delineate seaweed patches in the study area. The coverage area of seaweed estimated with WV-2 and Landsat 8 are presented as GIS maps. A more precise area estimation wasachieved with WV-2 data that shows 15.5Ha (0.155 Km2)of seaweed cover along Karachi coast that is more representative of the field observed data. A much larger area wasestimated with Landsat 8 image (71.28Ha or 0.7128 Km2) that was mainly due to the mixing of seaweed pixels with water pixels. The WV-2 data, due to its better spatial resolution than Landsat 8, have proven to be more useful than Landsat8 in mapping seaweed patche

catena-Poly[(diaqua­strontium)-bis­(μ-2-methyl-3,5-dinitro­benzoato)]

The title compound, [Sr(C8H5N2O6)2(H2O)2]n, essentially consists of a one-dimensional polymeric network with Sr2O2 rings extending along the [100] direction. The range of Sr—O bond lengths is 2.4822 (13)–2.8113 (13) Å. C—H⋯O and O—H⋯O hydrogen-bonding inter­actions stabilize the mol­ecules in the form of a two-dimensional polymeric network parallel to (001). One of the nitro groups is disordered over three sets of sites with the occupancy ratio of 0.46:0.32:0.22

catena-Poly[bis­(μ3-2-methyl­benzoato)disilver(I)]

The crystal structure of the title compound, [Ag2(C8H7O2)2]n, features polymeric chains extending along the a axis, with the two Ag+ cations in a distorted trigonal coordination. The range of Ag—O bond lengths is 2.169 (2)–2.433 (2) Å, whereas the Ag⋯Ag separations are in the range 2.8674 (4)–3.6256 (5) Å. The 2-methyl­benzoate groups are oriented at a dihedral angle of 60.7 (1)° with respect to each other

Facial antibioma formation: A case report.

Odontogenic infections are associated with a variety of microorganisms. Antibiotics are commonly used for the management of various dental infections and have a proven role in decreasing morbidity and mortality caused by infectious diseases. The frequent and over usage of antibiotics has been associated with a number of consequences such as the selection of drug resistant strains, and the formation of antibiomas. Antibiomas are characterized by the formation of a localized pathology surrounded by thick fibrous tissues in response to long term antibiotics use. An established antibioma is characterized by a tough fibrous swelling accompanied by painful or painless swelling, intermittent fever and constitutional symptoms. In this article, we are reporting the case of a facial antibioma formed due to prolonged use of antibiotics prescribed for a residual periapical infection following endodontic treatment. In addition, the association of using antibiotics in this context is discussed

Satellite Derived Sea surface temperature fronts in relation with Tuna catch In EEZ of Pakistan

Sea surface temperature (SST) is an important parameter in marine ecosystem studies as its relations of Fishery and other marine resources. In this study SST fronts have also been studied with relate to tuna fish catch data of April and August 2014 was acquired. Satellite derived MODIS daily products have been used to derive thermal fronts in the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) of Pakistan. Research results indicated that the Sea surface temperature gradually changed from 22C to 24C where Tuna catch is high and By Catch is low in frontal region. The further Relationship between these two data are discussed in this study and also made recommendations for in what way these two datasets should be handled. Remote sensing data and GIS tools are efficient and less time consuming for mapping and classifying sea surface temperature in a broader way. Survey of fishing resources is really time consumed and costly, Satellite Remote sensing data shows a promising tool to monitor fishery resources in a cost effective manner. Satellite data play an important role to identify fish aggregation zones and these techniques could also be used to forecast potential fishing zones by measuring oceanic parameters which influence on fish distribution on a broader scale and these techniques can help to local fisherman and fishery organizations to observe fishery resources