TECTONIC FRAMEWORK AND STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY OF MUZAFFARABAD AND ADJOINING AREAS, AZAD JAMMU AND KASHMIR, PAKISTAN

In northwest Himalayas of Pakistan, the rocks of Sub Himalayas and Lesser Himalayas, which are separated by Main Boundary Thrust / Jhelum Fault, are folded around a regional scale antiformal structure called Hazara Kashmir Syntaxis (HKS). The earthquake of 8th October, 2005 ruptured Muzaffarabad Thrust across the western limb of HKS, emphasizing the need to better understand the tectonic setup and geological structures of Muzaffarabad and adjoining areas. An integrated approach was used in this study by combining results of satellite image analysis with field observations, lab analysis of structural data collected in the field, and published data. The Muzaffarabad thrust is categorized as a component of southwest-verging Kashmir thrust system which is dominant and actively propagating towards southwest with its frontal thrusts cutting up through the south-southeast-verging Pakistan thrust system. There were Two different structural domains identified. The majority of the structures in Domain 1 show the effects of Jhelum Fault. On the other hand, the region with Domain 2 structures is genetically associated with the Muzaffarabad Thrust and is affected by NE-SW shortening. Structures of the Domain 2 are generally considered to be older than the Domain 1 structures but the 2005 earthquake along the Muzaffarabad Thrust proved that the area is still observing the causative stresses of Domain 2. Accordingly, any major construction in the area should be properly designed and built

Models Forecasting and Evaluation of Karachi Rainfall: Array

Building up a model for hydrological forecasting from historical records is essential to powerful hydropower reservoir management, implementation, controlling, and discharging water. Conventionally, modelling and analysis through a time series approach have been used to build mathematical models for producing hydrologic records in water resources and hydrology. Recently artificial intelligence (AI) is used for forecasting and modelling hydrological data. By using AI, large-scale and long-series data can be analysed with reasonable accuracy. This paper is focused on assessing and forecasting rainfall in Karachi. For this purpose, the daily rainfall data are considered from the period 2006 to 2017. Three novel models Autoregressive Moving Average (ARMA), Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (SARIMA), and Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) are employed. The statistical measure; Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) is used to evaluate the performance of these models. We have also determined the values for the Akaike information criterion (AIC), Bayesian Schwarz information criterion (SIC), Hannan Quinn information criterion (HIC), and Durbin-Watson test (DW), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), and Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE). Estimation of these parameters assisted in selecting the best-fitted model. Findings indicate that ANFIS and SARIMA outperform contrary to all evaluation criteria. This study implies researchers embrace ANFIS and SARIMA for predicting rainfall, hydrology, and water resources with high accuracy

CURVE DESIGNING USING NON-STATIONARY FOUR POINT SUBDIVISION TECHNIQUE

A non-stationary four-point subdivision technique has been depicted that generates the limiting curve of C4 continuity for a wide range of tension parameter. The continuity of the proposed technique has been investigated using an asymptotically equivalent method. The performance of the proposed technique has been illustrated geometrically

GEOHAZARDS AND MITIGATION: LOWARI TUNNEL ACCESS ROAD, DIR UPPER, KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA, PAKISTAN

This study investigates geological hazards along the South Access Road to Lowari Tunnel, Pakistan, a critical transportation corridor within a complex tectonostratigraphic zone dominated by granodiorite and granite. The region faces high risks from earthquakes, mass movement, and flooding. Our comprehensive fieldwork identified prevalent landslide triggers including gravity, water saturation, slope failure, and seismic activity, alongside human impacts. Key findings reveal specific joint characteristics within the rock mass, with mean joint spacing of 30 cm and varying persistency and aperture (average 1-3 mm), significantly influencing rock stability. We also identified distinct flood zones and areas with extensive water-rock contact exhibiting increased rock failure potential. Based on these detailed geological and structural analyses, we propose tailored engineering techniques and preventive measures. These include targeted rock bolting, wire meshing, and grouting for unstable jointed zones, along with strategic retaining walls, vegetation, and improved water drainage systems for slope modification and flood control structures in identified high-risk areas. This research provides a precise geological hazard assessment and region-specific mitigation strategies crucial for ensuring the safety and sustainability of vital infrastructure development

GREEN SYNTHESIS OF CuO NPS UTILIZING EUPHORBIA MILII FOR ENHANCED CRYSTAL VIOLET DYE REMOVAL

This study reports the successful synthesis of copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles (NPs) through a simple and sustainable green route, employing Euphorbia milii (E. milii) leaf extract as a reducing agent for the effective degradation of crystal violet (CV) dye. The as-synthesized CuO NPs were systematically characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy. A comparative analysis was performed to highlight the advantages of green synthesis by evaluating the photocatalytic performance of CuO NPs prepared via both green (CuO) and conventional chemical (CuO′) methods. XRD results confirmed the successful formation of monoclinic-phase CuO NPs, while UV–Vis analysis demonstrated their superior photocatalytic activity. Green-synthesized CuO NPs achieved 95.6% degradation of CV dye, outperforming their chemically synthesized counterparts (84.2%). The enhanced activity of the green-synthesized NPs may be attributed to their relatively lower stability and higher tendency for agglomeration, which can increase surface exposure and facilitate dye degradation. Overall, these findings establish eco-friendly CuO NPs as a promising and efficient photocatalyst for wastewater treatment applications

MINERAL CHARACTERIZATION OF KAOLINITE DEPOSITS AT NAGAR PARKAR, SINDH, PAKISTAN: A DISCOURSE ON THEIR ORIGIN AND USES

The occurrence of kaolinite deposits is either in-situ or due to transportation on a local scale. The Nagar Parkar kaolinite deposits are of the first type and formed due to the alteration of acidic igneous rocks, especially in the low-lying areas. Though, the signatures of alteration have been observed throughout the area but at present the deposits have been reported and mined mostly from the surroundings of the villages namely Chanida-Dhanagaon, Dhedhvero, Parodharo, and Jodhe Jo Wandio. Open pit mining has been carried over decades and, in most cases, the deposits are very shallow occuring at depths of six to seven feet. The XRD results indicate that kaolinite (China clay) is the main mineral constituent of these deposits along with the quartz and minor calcite, goethite and illite. The presence of iron oxide at various zones suggests the oxidation environment. At places, the calcite is also associated with these clays, which indicates the chemical weathering of Ca-Feldspar. In terms of field features, the white colored kaolinite is normally associated with the angular and subhedral grains of quartz along with few strips of iron oxide and minor calcite at various depths and places which indicates that the kaolinite is either primary in origin or traveled a little distance from the source. In terms of origin, different hypotheses are proposed but based on field features and petrographic findings, it is concluded that the kaolinite deposits of Nagar Parkar area are the result of alteration of acidic igneous rocks, especially different varieties of granites and granodiorites rather than the basement rocks. The area covering china clay deposits is either surrounded or very near to the Runn of Kutch; therefore, chemical weathering and hydrothermal processes may be responsible for the formation of these clays. Although globally, there are different uses of kaolinite, but the indigenous deposits of Nagar Parkar are mostly being used for the manufacturing of pottery along with a few other uses

AUTOMORPHISM OF CYCLIC GROUPS

In this article, we will study cyclic groups  A.  We have found a class of cyclic groups A which are not determined with their automorphism groups in CQ. Then necessary and sufficient conditions are provided to achieve the equivalence for some cyclic groups A and B

MINERALOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LATERITE DEPOSITS, ZIARAT DISTRICT, WESTERN PAKISTAN.: Array

Lateritization processes are active in hot and humid tropical regions, which reconstitute the mineralogical composition of parent rocks through chemical weathering to form laterite weathered product rich in iron and aluminum. Ziarat laterite deposits stretched several kilometers along unconformity between Parh limestone and Dungun formation in Ziarat district. These deposits range from 1 to 16 meter in thickness and mineralogically composed of abundantly hematite, ilmenite, goethite, and kaolinite which make bends of different colours. SEM analysis of laterite ore samples showed significant peaks of Fe and O, Ti and O, and Ba and O, as well as low peaks of SO2, SiO2, and Al2O3. These deposits have high values of Al2O3, SiO2, Fe2O3, CaO, Ba, and TiO2 while low MgO, NaO2, and K2O contents. The mineralogical contents of these deposits reveal that these deposits were formed due to chemical alteration of mafic volcanic rocks of adjacent Bibai Group

THE COMPARATIVE DEPOSITIONAL HETEROGENEITY OF MANCHHAR FORMATION (SIWALIK GROUP), SOUTHERN INDUS BASIN, PAKISTAN: Array

Present study is carried out for detailed description, distribution and interpretation of lithofacies and textural analysis of Manchhar Formation from Gaj River, Manchhar Lake and Lal Bagh Sections of Southern Indus Basin Pakistan. Four different clastic lithofacies are identified during present study, which are conglomeratic sandstone (Gt), shale (Fm), fine to coarse grain flat bedded sandstone (Sh) and fine to coarse grain trough cross-bedded sandstone (St). These Facies suggest that Manchhar Formation is deposited in the Beach to shallow agitated water and fluvial system. Twenty-nine (29) unconsolidated loose and friable sandstone samples were selected for textural analysis. Grain-size parameters such as mean, median, standard deviation, Skewness and Kurtosis were used for transport history, mode and hydrodynamic energy condition to recognize the depositional environment. Stewart Diagram shows deltaic/wave water process takes active role under the influence of wave process. Linear discriminant functions analysis show that the fluvial environment of deposition dominates and influences shallows water and beach environment. Passega diagram reveals that transport mode was rolling and suspension by the tractive current that shows the fluvio-deltaic to deltaic wave with the influence of wave depositional environment of Miocene-Pliocene (Neogene) Manchhar Formation

NAVIGATING SUSTAINABILITY: A COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS OF EIA PROCESS AND MITIGATION MEASURES AT THE KARORA HYDROPOWER PROJECT, SHANGLA, PAKISTAN: Array

More than 16% of the total electricity used worldwide is met by hydropower, having local to regional environmental consequences. Pakistan's Environmental Protection Ordinance (PEPO) 1983 mandated Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). In the Shangla District, the village of Kuz Kana is located about 300 meters upstream of the run-of-river project known as the Karora Hydropower project. The study reviewed the Environmental Impact Assessment and mitigating methods for the Karora hydropower project, Shangla, Pakistan. The authors analyzed the impact area, land resources, water resources, flora and fauna, and the Socio-Economic setup of district Shangla. They also consulted with stakeholders to address potential impacts, issues raised, and compensations according to regulations. According to the survey, the cumulative negative effect of acquiring 64.321 kanals of land will impact around 18 landowners. Only 0.14% and 0.11% of the land in the villages of Kuz Kana and Ranial, respectively, needs to be acquired compared to the proposed area with the complete community. The affected individuals and communities received complete compensation for their losses following the Land Acquisition Act (1984), KPK practice, and ADB policy on “Involuntary Resettlement.†The study concluded that the project has no adverse environmental effects, and the minor potential impacts and compensation were done smoothly per the regulations. The lack of meaningful involvement by the public in the dam construction process is a key critique, which is especially essential for local communities directly impacted by hydropower projects. The study recommended implementing the environmental impact assessment for all hydropower projects in Pakistan