Development of sorghum culture in a Latossolo Amarelo submitted to organic fertilization

Nos últimos anos, tem crescido gradualmente o emprego de adubos orgânicos na agricultura brasileira. Como objetivo de avaliar a produção da cultura do Sorgo, em função da aplicação de adubação orgânica, foi instalado um ensaio na área experimental do Campus da Unidade Acadêmica de Garanhuns UAG/UFRPE. O experimento foi conduzido instalado em vasos de 16 litros, denominados de parcelas experimentais. Foi utilizado o cultivar de Sorgo IPA (464) Colmo Doce como planta indicadora, onde foram testados os seguintes tratamentos (três adubos orgânicos): esterco bovino (EB), esterco ovino (EO) e esterco de frango (EF), nas dosagens 50, 25 e 25 t ha-1 e uma testemunha (sem adubação orgânica). O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com quatro tratamentos e quatro repetições. Para avaliar o crescimento e produção foram feitas medidas semanais das seguintes variáveis: altura da planta (AP) e diâmetro do caule (DC) e avaliadas aos 22, 50, 85 e 106 dias após a semeadura (DAS). A determinação da massa verde (MV) e massa seca (MS) foram realizadas em laboratório. Observou-se que os três diferentes tipos de adubos orgânicos promoveram diferenças estatisticamente significativas nas duas variáveis de crescimento e produção

Mineralogy, magnetic susceptibility and phosphorus and trace elements contents in ferric and hyper-ferric Oxisols of Minas Gerais

Com o objetivo de quantificar a suscetibilidade magnética e os teores totais de elementos traço tanto na TFSA, como nas frações areia silte e argila, e avaliar a dessorção de P, pelos extratores Mehlich-1 e resina de troca iônica mista, foram coletados amostras de horizontes B de Latossolos Vermelhos férricos e perférricos desenvolvidos a partir de diferentes materiais de origem de Minas Gerais. As amostras foram caracterizadas física, química e mineralogicamente, com prioridade para as análises de suscetibilidade magnética e as extrações sequenciais com os extratores Mehlich-1 e resina de troca iônica mista. Os principais resultados foram: a) o valor 8 para a relação molar Fe2O3/TiO2, obtida a partir dos resultados da digestão sulfúrica, pode ser utilizado como limite para distinção de Latossolos Vermelhos desenvolvidos de itabirito daqueles derivados de tufito, basalto, diabásio, gabro e anfibolito; b) a constituição mineralógica da fração argila das amostras dos solos estudados é composta basicamente por caulinita, gibbsita, anatásio, goethita, hematita e maghemita; c) o coeficiente de correlação positiva a 1 % de significância (r = 0,94**) encontrado entre os valores de suscetibilidade magnética das frações areia e argila indicam que a maghemita nos solos estudados é formada a partir da oxidação da magnetita e o mesmo ocorre para suas formas titano-estruturais; d) os teores de Fe2O3 obtidos pelo ataque sulfúrico apresentaram correlação positiva a 1 % de probabilidade com os valores de suscetibilidade magnética, refletindo a importância do material de origem na manifestação das propriedades magnéticas dos solos estudados; e) os teores de Fe2O3 obtidos pela digestão sulfúrica e os valores de suscetibilidade magnética apresentaram tendências de correlação com o conteúdo de elementos traço, no entanto, não podem ser generalizadas para todos os materiais de origem; f) a substituição isomórfica de Fe3+ por Al3+ na estrutura da goethita foi superior à da hematita; g) a hematita apresentou morfologia predominantemente placóide em todos Latossolos Vermelhos e menor valor da área superficial específica em comparação a goethita, refletindo os maiores valores da dimensão média do cristal para a hematita; h) os coeficientes de correlação significativos e positivos observados entre os teores de Ca total e de P extraídos por Mehlich-1 (r = 0,96**) e por resina de troca iônica mista (r = 0,97**), confirmam a presença marcante de P-Ca em Latossolos Vermelhos desenvolvidos de tufito na região do Alto Paranaíba; e i) uma única extração com o extrator Mehlich-1 ou resina de troca iônica mista, não é suficiente para estimar o fator quantidade de P tanto em solos jovens quanto aqueles altamente intemperizados, pois extrações sucessivas com o mesmo extrator continuam retirando fósforo do solo.Aiming to quantify the magnetic susceptibility and the total contents of trace elements both in the TFSA, as in sand, silt and clay fractions, and evaluate the desorption of P by Mehlich-1 and mixed ion exchange resin samples were collected B horizons of ferric and hyper-ferric Red Oxisols developed from different parent materials of Minas Gerais. The samples were characterized physically, chemically and mineralogically, with priority to the analysis of magnetic susceptibility and sequential extractions with Mehlich-1 and mixed ion exchange resin. The main results were: a) the value 8 to the molar ratio Fe2O3/TiO2, obtained from the results of digestion sulfur, can be used as a threshold for distinction of Red Oxisols developed itabirite those from tuffite, basalt, diabase, gabbro and amphibolites; b) the constitution mineralogical clay fraction of the soil samples studied is composed by kaolinite, gibbsite, anatase, goethite, hematite and maghemita; c) the correlation coefficient positive at 1 % significance level (r = 0.94**) found between the values of magnetic susceptibility of sand and clay fractions indicate that maghemite in the soils is formed from the oxidation of magnetite and the same goes for their titano-structural forms; d) the contents of Fe2O3 obtained by sulfuric attack presented positive correlation at 1 % probability to the values of magnetic susceptibility, reflecting the importance of the parent material in the manifestation of the magnetic properties of soils; e) the contents of Fe2O3 obtained by sulfuric digestion and magnetic susceptibility values exhibited trends of correlation the content of trace elements, however, cannot be generalized for all parent materials; f) the isomorphous substitution of Fe3+ by Al3+ in the structure of the goethite was higher to hematite; g) the hematite showed morphology predominantly placoid in all Red Oxisols and lower value of specific surface area compared to goethite, reflecting the higher values of the crystal medium dimension to hematite; h) the correlation coefficients significant and positive observed between the Ca total levels and of P extracted by Mehlich-1 (r = 0.96**) and mixed ion exchange resin (r = 0.97** ), confirm the strong presence of P-Ca in Red Oxisols developed tuffite in Alto Paranaíba region; and i) a single extraction with the Mehlich-1 or mixed ion exchange resin extractor, is not sufficient to estimate the amount factor of P both young soils and those highly weathered, for successive extractions with the same extractant continue removing phosphorus from soil.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superio

Iron-rich duricrust of Serra da Espinhaço Meridional, Minas Gerais State, Brazil and their relations with landscape evolution

Algumas indicações morfológicas sugerem que as superfícies de paisagem tropicais onde encontram-se os duricrusts ferruginosos, podem apresentar idades que variam desde o Quaternário até o Cretáceo, e que a laterização sobre estas superfícies pode ter sido iniciada simultaneamente ou não, estabelecendo-se uma sequência cronológica de formação escalonada de acordo com a elevação, em função da evolução geomorfológica das superfícies. Sabendo-se que no Planalto de Diamantina na Serra do Espinhaço Meridional (SdEM) são reconhecidos três níveis geomorfológicos correlatos aos ciclos de aplainamento da plataforma Sul-americana, o objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar as variações mineralógicas, geoquímicas e morfológicas de duricrusts ferruginosos da Serra do Espinhaço Meridional buscando entender os processos genéticos envolvidos e as implicações disto sobre a distribuição e evolução da paisagem regional e suas relações com os ciclos de aplainamento do continente Sul-americano. Para atingir estes objetivos, foram realizadas análises de difratometria de raios X, suscetibilidade magnética, microscopia eletrônica de varredura com sistema de energia dispersiva acoplado e análise elementar a partir da dissolução total dos minerais constituintes. Os resultados mostraram que no Planalto de Diamantina na SdEM coexistem níveis de ferricretes e lateritas na superfície correspondente ao ciclo erosivo Pós-Gondwanico. As superfícies lateríticas são provavelmente as formações supérgenas mais antigas da paisagem regional, originadas durante os processos denudacionais que ocorreram ao longo do ciclo erosivo Pós-Gondwanico. A erosão parcial de seu perfil laterítico constituíram o material fonte de Fe e Al para a gênese dos ferricretes distribuídos em superfícies elevadas (> 1200 m), especialmente aqueles em superfícies em torno de 1400 m de altitude. As variações paleoclimáticas do ciclo Pós-Gondwanico também proporcionaram ciclos erosivos alternados que resultaram no subescalonamento desta superfície, criando condições geomorfológicas favoráveis à gênese de ferricretes mais recentes (1200 - 1400 m). Além disso, os duricrusts ferruginosos do Planalto Diamantina (SdEM) sob influência do maciço quartzítico do Supergrupo Espinhaço e situados superfícies erosivas elevadas (> 1200 m), além de policíclicos, também podem apresentar características poligenéticas.Some morphological indications suggest that the tropical landscape surfaces where the iron-rich duricrust are present may have ages varying from the Quaternary to the Cretaceous, and that the laterization on these surfaces may have been initiated simultaneously or not, establishing a sequence chronological formation according to the elevation, according to the geomorphological evolution of the surfaces. Three geomorphological levels correlated to the South American platform planing cycles are known on the Diamantina Plateau, for this the objective of this work was to study the mineralogical, geochemical and morphological variations of the iron-rich duricrust of the SdEM, trying to understand the genetic processes involved and the implications of this on the distribution and evolution of the regional landscape and its relations with the planning cycles of the South American continent. In order to reach these objectives, X-ray diffraction, magnetic susceptibility, scanning electron microscopy with dispersive energy system coupled and elemental analysis carried out from the total dissolution of the constituent minerals. The results showed that in the Diamantina Plateau at the SdEM, coexist levels of ferricretes and laterites on the surface corresponding to the Post-Gondwanic erosive cycle. The laterite surfaces are probably the oldest surviving formations of the regional landscape, originated during the denudation processes that occurred along the Post-Gondwanic erosive cycle. Partial erosion of its lateritic profile was source material of Fe and Al for the genesis of ferricretes distributed on high surfaces (> 1200 m), especially those on surfaces at 1400 m of altitude. The paleoclimatic variations of the Post-Gondwanic cycle also provided alternating erosive cycles that resulted in sub-scaling of this surface, creating geomorphological conditions favorable for genesis of earlier ferricretes (1200 - 1400 m). In addition, the ferricretes of the Diamantina Plateau (SdEM) under influence of the Quartzite massif of the Espinhaço Supergroup and located in elevated erosive surfaces (> 1200 m), besides polycyclics, may also present polygenetic characteristics

SEQUENTIAL EXTRACTION OF PHOSPHORUS BY MEHLICH-1 AND ION EXCHANGE RESIN FROM B HORIZONS OF FERRIC AND PERFERRIC LATOSOLS (OXISOLS)

In general, Latosols have low levels of available P, however, the influence of the parent material seems to be decisive in defining the pool and predominant form of P in these soils. This study evaluated P availability by extraction with Mehlich-1 (M-1) and Ion Exchange Resin (IER), from samples of B horizons of Ferric and Perferric Latosols developed from different parent materials. To this end, in addition to the physical and chemical characterization of soils, 10 sequential extractions were performed with M-1 and IER from samples of B horizons (depth between 0.8 and 1.0 m). Total contents of Ca, P, Fe, Al, and Ti were determined after digestion with nitric, hydrofluoric and perchloric acids. The effects of sequential P extractions on Fe oxides were also evaluated from the analyses of dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate and ammonium acid oxalate. The high similarity between contents of P accumulated after sequential extractions with M-1 and IER in soils developed on tuffite indicated a predominance of P-Ca. Higher contents of P after a single IER extraction show greater efficiency in P removal from highly weathered soils, as from the Latosols studied here. The P contents also show the high sensitivity of extractant M-1 in highly buffered soils. Furthermore, a single extraction with extractant M-1 or IER is not sufficient to estimate the amount of labile P in these soils

FORMAS DE FERRO, SILÍCIO E, OU, ALUMÍNIO NA GÊNESE DE FRAGIPÃS E HORIZONTES COESOS DOS TABULEIROS COSTEIROS

Na unidade geomorfológica dos Tabuleiros Costeiros dominam os solos com horizontes coesos, e alguns deles têm a presença de horizontes cimentados comumente do tipo fragipã. Esses horizontes interferem na dinâmica da água, no crescimento de raízes e, consequentemente, na nutrição mineral de plantas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar, por meio da dissolução seletiva, a participação de formas de Fe, Si e, ou, Al na coesão e, ou, cimentação de fragipãs e horizontes coesos em Argissolos e Espodossolos da região dos Tabuleiros Costeiros do sul da Bahia e norte do Espírito Santo. Para isso, foram realizadas extrações seletivas de Fe, Si e Al por ditionito-citrato-bicarbonato de sódio (DCB) e oxalato ácido de amônio. Os maiores teores de Fe, Si e, principalmente, Al extraídos por oxalato de amônio nos fragipãs sugerem que, na gênese desses horizontes, formas de baixa cristalinidade desses elementos agem como cimentantes químicos. As dissoluções seletivas não evidenciaram a participação de formas de alta ou baixa cristalinidade de Fe, Si e, ou, Al na gênese dos horiozontes coesos em solos dos Tabuleiros Costeiros. Os Argissolos Amarelos apresentaram goethitas com alta substituição isomórfica de Fe por Al, condizente com o ambiente de forte intemperização, não redutivo e pH ácido onde esses solos se encontram nos Tabuleiros Costeiros. A substituição isomórfica de Fe por Al nos óxidos de Fe cristalinos apresentaram relação com o grau de cristalinidade e teor de Fe obtido na primeira extração com o DCB

Mineralogy, magnetic susceptibility and geochemistry of Fe-rich Oxisols developed from several parent materials

Fe-rich Oxisols on mafic rocks in Brazil generally have high magnetic susceptibility with high contents of some trace elements. These are taxonomically similar soils; however, differences in magnetic and geochemical properties may affect agricultural or environmental usability and subsequent management. This study investigated the pedogenesis of Fe-rich Oxisols from various parent materials and evaluated the lithogenetic influence on magnetic susceptibility and trace elements contents. Soil samples were collected from Bw horizons in 13 Rhodic Oxisols and a Typic Oxisol developed from several parent materials in Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Soils were analyzed by X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and magnetometry. Soil chemical analyses consisted of sulfuric and total (tri-acid) digestions and selective Fe oxides dissolutions and statistical correlations were determined. Fe-rich Oxisols presented a typical mineralogical composition of highly weathered soils with structural stability. The results confirm the difficulty to identify accurately magnetic minerals in different grain sizes using XRD. However, coarse fractions still exert dominant influence on the magnetic properties of the Fe-rich Rhodic Oxisols. In addition, coarse fractions probably contribute to the enrichment of superparamagnetic particles for the clay fraction. Although highly weathered, Fe-rich Oxisols may have their geochemical attributes still controlled by the parent material, where trace elements seem to be correlated with the magnetic minerals in the coarse fractions. Thus, the natural replacement of some trace elements from soil-solution equilibrium reactions during plant development could be more effective in soils with higher magnetic particles concentrations in the coarse fractions

Mineralogy, magnetic susceptibility and geochemistry of Fe-rich Oxisols developed from several parent materials

ABSTRACT: Fe-rich Oxisols on mafic rocks in Brazil generally have high magnetic susceptibility with high contents of some trace elements. These are taxonomically similar soils; however, differences in magnetic and geochemical properties may affect agricultural or environmental usability and subsequent management. This study investigated the pedogenesis of Fe-rich Oxisols from various parent materials and evaluated the lithogenetic influence on magnetic susceptibility and trace elements contents. Soil samples were collected from Bw horizons in 13 Rhodic Oxisols and a Typic Oxisol developed from several parent materials in Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Soils were analyzed by X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and magnetometry. Soil chemical analyses consisted of sulfuric and total (tri-acid) digestions and selective Fe oxides dissolutions and statistical correlations were determined. Fe-rich Oxisols presented a typical mineralogical composition of highly weathered soils with structural stability. The results confirm the difficulty to identify accurately magnetic minerals in different grain sizes using XRD. However, coarse fractions still exert dominant influence on the magnetic properties of the Fe-rich Rhodic Oxisols. In addition, coarse fractions probably contribute to the enrichment of superparamagnetic particles for the clay fraction. Although highly weathered, Fe-rich Oxisols may have their geochemical attributes still controlled by the parent material, where trace elements seem to be correlated with the magnetic minerals in the coarse fractions. Thus, the natural replacement of some trace elements from soil-solution equilibrium reactions during plant development could be more effective in soils with higher magnetic particles concentrations in the coarse fractions

Pedogenic iron oxides in iron-rich oxisols developed from mafic rocks

Despite the considerable amount of information on the mineralogical characteristics of pedogenic Fe oxides in Brazilian soils, there are few studies on Fe-rich soils developed from mafic rocks with taxonomic identities at lower categorical levels. This study evaluated the mineralogical characteristics of pedogenic Fe oxides in B horizons (Bw) of Fe-rich Oxisols developed from several mafic rocks in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The Bw horizons were sampled at a 0.8-1.0 m depth in 13 Ferric and Perferric Rhodic Oxisols along with a Mesoferric Typic Oxisol originating from basalt, gabbro, tuffite, amphibolite and itabirite in Minas Gerais. The selected soils have taxonomic identities up to the fourth categorical level of the Brazilian System of Soil Classification. In the laboratory, the following analyses were made: a) powder X ray diffraction (XRD) of the clay fraction before and after selective concentration of Fe oxides by silicate alkaline dissolution (5 mol L^-1 NaOH); b) selective chemical dissolution of the clay fraction by citrate-bicarbonate-dithionite (CBD), acid ammonium oxalate (AAO), and sulfuric acid (H2SO4 1.8 mol L^-1); c) quantitative estimation of minerals in the clay fraction through allocation of phases from the XRD patterns, magnetic susceptibility of the clay fraction, and quantification of elements after sulfuric acid digestion (H2SO4 1:1) of the air-dried fine earth and treatment of the clay fraction with CBD; and d) estimation of the mean crystal size (MCS), specific surface area (SSA), and isomorphic Al-substitution (IS) of hematite, goethite, and maghemite from the XRD patterns obtained from concentrates of Fe oxides. The results showed that estimation of Fe content of maghemite by selective dissolution with 1.8 mol L^-1 H2SO4 may not be accurate enough to realistically reflect the maghemite contents in the soil sample. The Al content extracted may also be influenced by other minerals that are sources of this element. Hematite crystals were predominantly placoid in shape in all Rhodic Oxisols and had smaller SSA compared to goethite, which showed both isodimensional and asymmetric habit. Higher crystallinity of maghemite and the IS values generally lower than those of hematite and goethite suggest that in well-drained soils derived from mafic rocks, the IS phenomenon in maghemites seems to result from pedogenetic advancement after its formation from magnetite oxidation

Mineralogy, magnetic susceptibility and geochemistry of Fe-rich Oxisols developed from several parent materials

<div><p>ABSTRACT: Fe-rich Oxisols on mafic rocks in Brazil generally have high magnetic susceptibility with high contents of some trace elements. These are taxonomically similar soils; however, differences in magnetic and geochemical properties may affect agricultural or environmental usability and subsequent management. This study investigated the pedogenesis of Fe-rich Oxisols from various parent materials and evaluated the lithogenetic influence on magnetic susceptibility and trace elements contents. Soil samples were collected from Bw horizons in 13 Rhodic Oxisols and a Typic Oxisol developed from several parent materials in Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Soils were analyzed by X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and magnetometry. Soil chemical analyses consisted of sulfuric and total (tri-acid) digestions and selective Fe oxides dissolutions and statistical correlations were determined. Fe-rich Oxisols presented a typical mineralogical composition of highly weathered soils with structural stability. The results confirm the difficulty to identify accurately magnetic minerals in different grain sizes using XRD. However, coarse fractions still exert dominant influence on the magnetic properties of the Fe-rich Rhodic Oxisols. In addition, coarse fractions probably contribute to the enrichment of superparamagnetic particles for the clay fraction. Although highly weathered, Fe-rich Oxisols may have their geochemical attributes still controlled by the parent material, where trace elements seem to be correlated with the magnetic minerals in the coarse fractions. Thus, the natural replacement of some trace elements from soil-solution equilibrium reactions during plant development could be more effective in soils with higher magnetic particles concentrations in the coarse fractions.</p></div