Long telomeres in the polytene chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster are associated with amplification of subtelomeric repeat sequences

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Отбор содержания обучения устному аргументированию на английском языке магистров неязыковых специальностей

Статтю присвячено відбору змісту навчання усного аргументування англійською мовою для студентів магістратури немовних спеціальностей. Визначено мінімальний і достатній набір сфер, тематики, ситуацій, цілей та комунікативних намірів учасників спілкування, в межах яких буде здійснюватись навчання усного аргументування англійською мовою для студентів магістратури немовних спеціальностей. Побудовано загальну модель форм мовлення, в яких реалізується усне аргументування англійською мовою з урахуванням відібраних компонентів змісту навчання.The article deals with the content selection for teaching Master’s students in non-linguistic specialisms oral argumentation in English. The minimal and sufficient set of domains, themes, purposes, situations and communicative intentions of participants of communication within the limits of which teaching oral argumentation in English to Master’s students of non-linguistic specialisms is selected. The general model of the speech forms in which oral argumentation in English is realised in view of the selected components of the content of instruction has been constructed.Статья посвящена отбору содержания обучения устного аргументирования на английском языке студентов магистратуры неязыковых специальностей. Определён минимальный и достаточный набор сфер, тематики, целей, ситуаций и коммуникативных намерений участников общения, в пределах которых будет осуществляться обучение устному аргументированию на английском языке студентов магистратуры неязыковых специальностей. Построена общая модель форм речи, в которых реализуется устное аргументирование на английском языке с учётом отобранных компонентов содержания обучения

Социолингвистические предпосылки обучения устному аргументированию на английском языке

Статтю присвячено соціолінгвістичному рівню розгляду усного аргументування, який проводився у двох аспектах: риторичному та аспекті етикетизації. Виявлено специфічні особливості усного аргументування, які визначають ефективність механізмів оперування; а також специфічні умови, врахування яких необхідне для ефективності говоріння мовця, який вдається до аргументування в ситуаціях спілкування з англомовною науковою спільнотою – для реалізації механізмів оформлення.The paper discusses the sociolinguistic aspect of oral argumentation carried out in two aspects, in particular, rhetorical and etiquette. The paper identifies specifics of oral argumentation, which define efficiency of operation mechanisms, and specific terms, that are important to increase efficiency of talking in the situation of communication with English-language academic community to implement the ornamentation mechanisms.Статья посвящена социолингвистическому уровню рассмотрения устного аргументирования, проводившемуся в двух аспектах: риторическом и аспекте этикетизации. Обнаружены специфические особенности устного аргументирования, которые определяют эффективность механизмов оперирования, а также специфические условия, учет которых необходим для эффективности говорения аргументатора в ситуациях общения с англоязычным научным сообществом – для реализации механизмов оформления

Моделирование семантической структуры научного текста

Authors proposed and substantiated the model of polytextual structural organization for a scientific text, taking into account its dependence on the content of the scientist's cognitive activity. The model is based on the concept of an epistemic situation in the unity of four aspects of knowledge: ontological, methodological, reflexive, and communicative-pragmatic. The concept of subtext is introduced as a structural-semantic unit of a scientific text. They considered the content of subtext new and old knowledge, evaluation, authorization, etc.Los autores propusieron y fundamentaron el modelo de organización estructural poltextual de un texto científico, teniendo en cuenta su dependencia del contenido de la actividad cognitiva del científico. El modelo se basa en el concepto de una situación epistémica en la unidad de cuatro aspectos del conocimiento: ontológico, metodológico, reflexivo y comunicativo-pragmático. El concepto de subtexto se introduce como una unidad estructural-semántica de un texto científico. Consideraron el contenido del subtexto conocimientos nuevos y antiguos, evaluación, autorización, etc.Авторами предложена и обоснована модель политекстовой структурной организации научного текста с учетом ее зависимости от содержания познавательной деятельности ученого. Модель основана на концепции эпистемической ситуации в единстве четырех аспектов знания: онтологического, методологического, рефлексивного и коммуникативно-прагматического. Понятие подтекст вводится как структурно-семантическая единица научного текста. Они рассмотрели содержание подтекста новых и старых знаний, оценки, авторизации и т. Д

Innovative opportunities and reserves of contemporary marketing communication

Purpose: The article aims to present characteristics and research of peculiarities, forms and categories of innovative communication, as well as to evaluate the reasons for the decline in the effectiveness of traditional marketing communication. Design/Methodology/Approach: The article considers the existing practice of creative implementation of theoretical and applied marketing knowledge in the activities of organizations. The paper substantiates contemporary and perspective innovative concepts and tendencies of marketing communication. Findings: The manuscript highlights the reasons for changing the classical marketing paradigm and the direction of innovative development of communication interaction concepts. In the course of enterprise’s innovative development management marketing assumes a new dimension and plays a special role in the management process. The role of traditional means of communication has declined with the development of Internet technologies, the use of interactive personalized marketing communication with consumers and the personalization of communication influences has become increasingly popular. Practical implications: Current trends in the development of relationship marketing are characterized by a significant increase in the role of such an important component of its complex as “promotion”, as well as the intensification of the development and implementation of innovative technologies and tools. Originality/Value: The originality of this approach consists in the analysis of the features and prospects of the innovative development of the marketing and communication sphere.peer-reviewe

NATIONAL IDENTITY IN THE MIRROR OF LINGUISTIC STEREOTYPES

The article analyzes the peculiarities in reflection of the same facts of reality in the consciousness of representatives of different nationalities, namely the specific features of the perception of such artifact as a car by the Russians and the Chinese. A special attention is paid to the problem of preservation of the linguistic identity of a people in the context of globalization, and in this connection the author considers some of the reasons for the increasing processes of linguistic unification at the present stage of development of the Russian language – Americanization of social consciousness, globalization, decrease in the level of the modern Russian culture etc. The problem of the national identity is analyzed through the prism of the linguistic realization of automobile preferences of the Russians and Chinese in texts of advertising slogans. The original author’s position is the conviction that the study of different worldviews of different peoples by identifying ethnic lingual stereotypes as the components of these views may contribute to the strengthening of positive trends in the military-political dynamics of the confrontation between the two poles of civilization – Western and Eastern. Conceptual statements are confirmed by a brief overview of the political and military situation in Russia. It is argued that the inclusion of cultural aspects in the methods of teaching foreigners the Russian language will facilitate the creative process on the way of overcoming the cold war between Russia and the West, including America. The analysis is based on discourse, semantic, and comparative methods with the involvement of the sociolinguistic experiment. The result proves the thesis that the humanities, including linguistics and cultural studies, are able, on a par with other sciences, to tackle the threats of the cold war, uniting different peoples on the basis of cultural and historical knowledge about each other

Transcriptional analysis of the HeT-A retrotransposon in mutant and wild type stocks reveals high sequence variability at Drosophila telomeres and other unusual features

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Telomere replication in Drosophila depends on the transposition of a domesticated retroelement, the <it>HeT-A </it>retrotransposon. The sequence of the <it>HeT-A </it>retrotransposon changes rapidly resulting in differentiated subfamilies. This pattern of sequence change contrasts with the essential function with which the <it>HeT-A </it>is entrusted and brings about questions concerning the extent of sequence variability, the telomere contribution of different subfamilies, and whether wild type and mutant Drosophila stocks show different <it>HeT-A </it>scenarios.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>A detailed study on the variability of <it>HeT-A </it>reveals that both the level of variability and the number of subfamilies are higher than previously reported. Comparisons between GIII, a strain with longer telomeres, and its parental strain Oregon-R indicate that both strains have the same set of <it>HeT-A </it>subfamilies. Finally, the presence of a highly conserved splicing pattern only in its antisense transcripts indicates a putative regulatory, functional or structural role for the <it>HeT-A </it>RNA. Interestingly, our results also suggest that most <it>HeT-A </it>copies are actively expressed regardless of which telomere and where in the telomere they are located.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Our study demonstrates how the <it>HeT-A </it>sequence changes much faster than previously reported resulting in at least nine different subfamilies most of which could actively contribute to telomere extension in Drosophila. Interestingly, the only significant difference observed between Oregon-R and GIII resides in the nature and proportion of the antisense transcripts, suggesting a possible mechanism that would in part explain the longer telomeres of the GIII stock.</p

Identification of multiple transcription initiation, polyadenylation, and splice sites in the Drosophila melanogaster TART family of telomeric retrotransposons

The Drosophila non-long terminal repeat (non-LTR) retrotransposons TART and HeT-A specifically retrotranspose to chromosome ends to maintain Drosophila telomeric DNA. Relatively little is known, though, about the regulation of their expression and their retrotransposition to telomeres. We have used rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) to identify multiple transcription initiation and polyadenylation sites for sense and antisense transcripts of three subfamilies of TART elements in Drosophila melanogaster. These results are consistent with the production of an array of TART transcripts. In contrast to other Drosophila non-LTR elements, a major initiation site for sense transcripts was mapped near the 3′ end of the TART 5′-untranslated region (5′-UTR), rather than at the start of the 5′-UTR. A sequence overlapping this sense start site contains a good match to an initiator consensus for the transcription start sites of Drosophila LTR retrotransposons. Interestingly, analysis of 5′ RACE products for antisense transcripts and the GenBank EST database revealed that TART antisense transcripts contain multiple introns. Our results highlight differences between transcription of TART and of other Drosophila non-LTR elements and they provide a foundation for testing the relationship between exceptional aspects of TART transcription and TART's specialized role at telomeres