The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010-19 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background Understanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. We analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to inform cancer control planning efforts globally. Methods The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate cancer burden attributable to behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. A total of 82 risk-outcome pairs were included on the basis of the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Estimated cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019 and change in these measures between 2010 and 2019 are presented. Findings Globally, in 2019, the risk factors included in this analysis accounted for 4.45 million (95% uncertainty interval 4.01-4.94) deaths and 105 million (95.0-116) DALYs for both sexes combined, representing 44.4% (41.3-48.4) of all cancer deaths and 42.0% (39.1-45.6) of all DALYs. There were 2.88 million (2.60-3.18) risk-attributable cancer deaths in males (50.6% [47.8-54.1] of all male cancer deaths) and 1.58 million (1.36-1.84) risk-attributable cancer deaths in females (36.3% [32.5-41.3] of all female cancer deaths). The leading risk factors at the most detailed level globally for risk-attributable cancer deaths and DALYs in 2019 for both sexes combined were smoking, followed by alcohol use and high BMI. Risk-attributable cancer burden varied by world region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), with smoking, unsafe sex, and alcohol use being the three leading risk factors for risk-attributable cancer DALYs in low SDI locations in 2019, whereas DALYs in high SDI locations mirrored the top three global risk factor rankings. From 2010 to 2019, global risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 20.4% (12.6-28.4) and DALYs by 16.8% (8.8-25.0), with the greatest percentage increase in metabolic risks (34.7% [27.9-42.8] and 33.3% [25.8-42.0]). Interpretation The leading risk factors contributing to global cancer burden in 2019 were behavioural, whereas metabolic risk factors saw the largest increases between 2010 and 2019. Reducing exposure to these modifiable risk factors would decrease cancer mortality and DALY rates worldwide, and policies should be tailored appropriately to local cancer risk factor burden. Copyright (C) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.Peer reviewe

Suitability of biotechnical measures for the treatment of oats

W ostatnim czasie z powodu ograniczania możliwości stosowania zapraw chemicznych istnieje potrzeba badania przydatności środków do zaprawiania ziarna, które zbudowane są z naturalnych substancji w formie ekstraktu, wyciągu lub grzybni mikoryzalnej, bakterii, itp. Celem badań była ocena przydatności środków pochodzenia roślinnego oraz środków zawierających mikroorganizmy do zaprawiania ziarna owsa. W doświadczeniu wazonowym przebadano kilka takich preparatów, które mogą być przydatne do zaprawiania ziarna owsa lub innych gatunków zbóż. Ziarno owsa oplewionego i nagiego zaprawiono następującymi środkami: Biosept 33 SL (ekstrakt z grejpfruta), Bioczos Płynny (wyciąg z czosnku), Timorex Gold 24 EC (wyciąg z krzewu herbacianego), Polyversum (grzyb Pythium oligandrum) i Click Horto (grzybnia mikoryzalna – Globus intraradius, bakterie ryzosfery, grzyb Trichoderma atraviride). Analizowano zdrowotność siewek oraz świeżą masę części nadziemnej i korzeni. Zaprawione ziarno poprzez jego moczenie w roztworach tych preparatów wykazało ich korzystne działanie na wschody roślin, a w przypadku środków Bioczos, Biosept 33 SL i Polyversum poprawiła się także zdrowotność siewek wschodzącego owsa. Środek Click Horto wykazał właściwości biostymulujące rozwój owsa. W kombinacji, w której zastosowano ww. środek uzyskano wyraźny wzrost masy korzeni i części nadziemnej. Wykonane badania dają informacje o tym, że niektóre z ocenianych preparatów mogą być przydatne do zaprawiania ziarna odmian owsa.In view of the fact that recently the possibilities to use chemical treatment have been limited it is necessary to research the usefulness of seed treatment products composed from natural substances in the form of an extract or mycorrhizal mycelium, bacteria, etc. The aim of the research was to assess the usefulness of plant substances and substances containing microorganisms for oats seed treatment. Several preparations which might be useful for the treatment of oats seeds or the seeds of other cereals were researched in a pot experiment. The seeds of hulled and hulless oats were treated with the following substances: Biosept 33 SL (grapefruit extract), Liquid Bioczos (garlic extract), Timorex Gold 24 EC (tea plant extract), Polyversum (Pythium oligandrum fungus) and Click Horto (mycorrhizal mycelium – Globus intraradius, rhizosphere bacteria, Trichoderma atraviride fungus). The health of seedlings and fresh mass of the aboveground part and roots were analysed. The seeds were treated with those preparations by being soaked in their solutions. The preparations had positive influence on the emergence of crops. Bioczos, Biosept 33 SL and Polyversum also improved the health of emerging oats seedlings. Click Horto biostimulated the development of oats. The combination with this preparation resulted in a noticeable growth in the root mass and aboveground part. The research provides information which of the preparations under analysis may be useful for the treatment of seeds of oats cultivars

Application of reduced doses of fungicides in integrated pest management

Integrowana ochrona roślin stanowi obecnie główny kierunek podjęty w uprawie roślin rolniczych na terenie Unii Europejskiej. W myśl jej zasad niezbędne jest połączenie wszelkich dostępnych metod ograniczania występowania agrofagów do poziomu, w którym nie powodują one strat o znaczeniu ekonomicznym. Duży nacisk kładzie się na racjonalne stosowanie środków ochrony roślin oraz ich selektywność. Niezbędna jest duża wiedza z zakresu skuteczności działania poszczególnych substancji czynnych oraz dawek, w których osiągają one największą skuteczność działania. W doświadczeniach z pszenicą ozimą porównano porażenie podstawy źdźbła przez grzyby chorobotwórcze po aplikacji fungicydów w dawkach zarejestrowanych do stosowania w Polsce, oraz w dawkach obniżonych. Obserwacje topatologiczne przeprowadzono w fazie dojrzałości mlecznej ziarna (BBCH 75) oceniając występowanie łamliwości źdźbła zbóż (Oculimacula yallundae, O. acuformis) oraz fuzaryjnej zgorzeli podstawy źdźbła (Fusarium spp.). Badano wpływ zastosowanej ochrony na wartość uzyskanego plonu. Użycie fungicydów zarówno w dawkach zarejestrowanych, jak i w dawkach zredukowanych pozwoliło na uzyskanie w obydwu latach badań wyższych plonów w stosunku do obiektów, na których nie stosowano chemicznej ochrony w fazie pierwszego kolanka (BBCH 31).Integrated pest management is actually the main direction taken in the cultivation of agricultural crops in the European Union. In accordance with its principles it is necessary to combine all available methods of reducing the occurrence of pests to a level where they do not cause losses of economic importance. Great emphasis is placed on the rational use of plant protection products and its selectivity. Essential is the large knowledge of the effectiveness of individual active ingredients and dosages in which they achieve the greatest efficacy. The aim of the experiment was to determine the possibility of using lower doses (than those registered in Poland) of fungicides in wheat cultivation in comparison to full doses. In BBCH 75 stage (medium milk) stem-base assessment was performed to confirm the effectiveness of mentioned above fungicides against eyespot of cereals (Oculimacula spp.) and Fusarium foot rot (Fusarium spp.). Application of fungicides in BBCH 31 stage in both doses (registered and reduced) allowed to obtain higher yields in comparison to non protected plots in two years of experiment

Eyespot resistance of winter wheat breeding lines evaluated with marker-assisted selection and inoculation tests at the seedling and adult plant stages

Eyespot is one of the most important fungal diseases of the stem base of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The presented study clearly demonstrated that the Pch1 gene was the main effective source for reducing the eyespot disease score in the analyzed winter wheat lines. Nevertheless, Pch1 was present only in 8−9% of the investigated lines. Using an isoenzymatic marker and molecular markers, the presence of the Pch1 gene and lack of the Pch2 gene was identified in six lines. Two lines, SMH 9409 and DL 358/13/4, were polymorphic in an isoenzymatic marker study. In the remaining three lines, C 3373/11-1, KBH 15.15 and KBP 1416, the Pch1 gene was identified only with the use of an isoenzymatic marker. Both genes Pch1 and Pch2, as well as the resistant variety Rendezvous, were found in three lines: DD 248/12, KBP 15.2 and STH 4431. In line DD 708/13, the presence of the Pch1 and Pch2 genes was identified, where the association between the Pch1 and the locus of the Xorw5 marker was broken. It was shown that the presence or absence of Pch1 and Pch2 genes did not significantly affect the grain yield (from the plot), although the yield was highest in the presence of both genes. A significant effect of the presence of the Pch1 gene on thousand kernel weight (TKW) was observed. Lines with the Pch1 gene showed significantly higher TKW values than lines without both genes or with the Pch2 gene only

How do eyespot resistance genes transferred into winter wheat breeding lines affect their yield?

Eyespot can reduce yields, even up to 50%. There are four genetically characterized resistances in wheat varieties, controlled by: (1) the Pch1 gene, transferred from Aegilops ventricosa; (2) the Pch2 gene, originating from wheat variety Capelle Desprez; (3) the Pch3 gene, originating from Dasypyrum villosum; and (4) the Q.Pch.jic-5A gene, a quantitative trait locus (QTL) located on chromosome 5A of Capelle Desprez. However, those loci have drawbacks, such as linkage of Pch1 with deleterious traits and limited effectiveness of Pch2 against the disease. Here we present an initial study which aims to characterize wheat pre-registration breeding lines carrying 12 eyespot resistance genes, consider their resistance expression in inoculation tests and the influence of resistance genotypes on the yield. We selected four groups of breeding lines, carrying: (1) the Pch1 gene alone: one line; (2) the Pch2 gene alone: four lines; (3) the Q.Pch.jic-5A gene alone: one line; and (4) Pch1 + Q.Pch.jic-5A: three lines. For the first time, the effect of the combination of Pch1 and Q.Pch.jic-5A genes was compared with resistance conferred by Pch1 or Q.Pch.jic-5A alone. We found significant differences between infection scores evaluated in resistant lines carrying Pch1 and Q.Pch.jic-5A alone, while no differences in terms of the level of resistance expression were detected between Pch1 alone and Pch1 + Q.Pch.jic-5A, and between wheat lines carrying Pch1 and Pch2 alone. Moreover, we demonstrated that the Pch1 gene, together with an Ae. ventricosa segment, caused statistically significant yield losses, both as a single eyespot resistance source or in a combination with Q.Pch.jic-5A. Yield scores showed that wheat lines with Q.Pch.jic-5A had the highest yields, similar to the yielding potential of Pch2-bearing lines and control varieties

The Assessment of an Effect of Natural Origin Products on the Initial Growth and Development of Maize under Drought Stress and the Occurrence of Selected Pathogens

Poland, like other countries in the world, increasingly experiences the ongoing climate change that is a critical yield-limiting factor. The use of biostimulants in agriculture has shown tremendous potential in combating climate change-induced stresses such as drought, temperature stress, etc. They could be a promising tool in the current crop production scenario. Biostimulants are organic compounds, microbes, or amalgamation of both that could regulate plant growth behavior through molecular alteration and physiological, biochemical, and anatomical modulations. They can promote plant growth under various environmental stresses because they have a positive effect, in particular, on plant growth and resistance. There are many products of this type available on the market, including those of natural origin, which are part of the Integrated Pest Management. The ecotoxicity of chemical plant protection products, the negative effects of their use, and the change in regulations make it recommended to use low-risk chemicals and non-chemical methods, that involve the least risk to health and the environment, and at the same time ensure effective and efficient protection of crops. Natural origin biocomponents obtained by the supercritical CO2 extraction of plant material or by fermentation process in bioreactors were tested. Common maize (Zea mays L.) was selected as a test plant for growth tests at climate chambers. Results showed that the only supernatant (fermentation broth) obtained with the Paenibacillus bacteria (S2) had a positive effect on the germination index (GI > 100%) of maize seeds, compared to the obtained plant seed extracts from the crop of the legume family (Fabaceae) (E3) and from the crop of the smartweed family (Polygonaceae) (E9) (GI Enterobacter) and S2 used as a single product and in combination with UAN+S, under optimal conditions of the experiment, had a positive effect on the maize root weight compared to the untreated, while under drought stress, a decrease in the root weight was observed. Moreover, on the basis of the conducted research, differences in the mycelial growth of selected fungi were found. The applied biocomponent S2 of microbial origin extract (supernatant 2) showed a mycelial growth-limiting effect on all tested Fusarium fungi isolated from the corn cobs

Association Between Mycotoxin Exposure and Dietary Habits in Colorectal Cancer Development Among a Polish Population: A Study Protocol

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common and lethal types of cancer worldwide. The developing of this disease includes many factors such as genetic, socioeconomic, environmental, and lifestyle factors, and nutrition habits. The aim of the study is the determination of zearalenone and its metabolite level in the biological samples of participants at risk of CRC, in relation to the nutrition data and information on the quality of life dependent on health. In the cohort clinical trial, 150 participants aged between 50 and 65 will be studied. The participants will be assigned into two groups depending on the colonoscopy result. Participants will be tested at dietary intake, quality of life, sleep time and quality, stress level as well as biochemical parameters of the blood. Moreover, in the biological samples, concentration of zearalenone and its metabolites (α-zearalenol and β-zearalenol) as well as the characteristics of gastrointestinal bacterial will be determined, and the end of the trial for both groups and their results will be compared. Taking into account the possible effect of mycotoxins and nutrition habits on the development of cancer, the results obtained may allow the formulation of new nutritional recommendations and reduce the development and occurrence of CRC

Use of molecular and phenotypic markers to identify wheat eyespot resistance genes caused by Oculimacula yallundae and O. acuformis

Łamliwość źdźbła to jedna z ważniejszych chorób pszenicy uprawnej (Triticum aestivum L.) powodowana przez dwa grzyby patogeniczne Oculimacula yallundae i Oculimacula acuformis. Istnieje kilka źródeł odporności na ten patogen, lecz jak dotąd tylko dwa geny Pch1 i Pch2 zostały przniesione do pszenicy uprawnej i warunkują odporność. Wybranie najkorzystniejszych markerów molekularnych dla określenia obecności genów odporności na łamliwość źdźbła u pszenicy może poprawić skuteczność i dokładność przy wyborze genotypów odpornych na tę chorobę. Celem pracy było określenie efektywności markerów molekularnych i markera izoenzymatycznego dla genów Pch1 i Pch2 oraz wytypowanie genotypów pszenicy ozimej o podwyższonej odporności w odniesieniu do porażenia roślin w testach inokulacyjnych przeprowadzonych w fazie siewki oraz rośliny dojrzałej. Materiał badawczy stanowiło 159 linii hodowlanych pszenicy ozimej oraz pięć odmian kontrolnych: Artist, Kilimanjaro, Kometa, Patras i Rendezvous. Do identyfikacji genów odporności wykorzystano pięć markerów, trzy do identyfikacji genu Pch1 (EpD1b, XustSSR2001-7DL, Xorw1) oraz dwa dla genu Pch2 (Xcfa2040, Xwmc525). Biorąc pod uwagę analizę molekularną genów, wyniki inokulacji siewek oraz wyniki porażenia źdźbeł dojrzałych roślin, stwierdzono brak objawów porażenia źdźbeł u linii/odmian pszenicy ozimej, u których zidentyfikowano oba geny Pch1 i Pch2. Stwierdzono u nich również najniższe porażenie siewek. Najwyższy procent porażonych źdźbeł odnotowano u genotypów, gdzie nie stwierdzono genów Pch1 i Pch2. U tych genotypów zaobserwowano również najwyższe porażenie w teście siewkowym. Wykazano, że obecność genów Pch1 i Pch2 lub ich brak nie wpływała istotnie na plon ziarna oraz na masę tysiąca ziarniaków (MTZ). U genotypów z genami Pch1 i Pch2 stwierdzono nieznacznie wyższe wartości dla obu parametrów technologicznych.  Eyespot is one of the most important diseases of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), caused by two pathogenic fungi Oculimacula yallundae and Oculimacula acuformis. There are several sources of resistance to this pathogen, but so far only two genes Pch1 and Pch2 have been transferred to wheat and confer the resistance. The selection of the most favorable genetic markers for determining the presence of eyespot resistance genes may improve the efficiency and accuracy in the selection of wheat genotypes resistant for this disease. The aim of the work was to determine the effectiveness of molecular markers and protein marker for Pch1 and Pch2 genes and to select genotypes of winter wheat with increased resistance in relation to plant infection in inoculation tests carried out at the seedling and adult plant stage. Plant material consist of 159 breeding lines of winter wheat and five control varieties: Artist, Kilimanjaro, Kometa, Patras and Rendezvous. To identify resistant genes, five molecular markers were used. Three for Pch1 gene (EpD1b, XustSSR2001-7DL, Xorw1) and two for Pch2 gene (Xcfa2040, Xwmc525). Considering the molecular analysis of genes, results of seedlings inoculation and the results of plant stem infestation, it was found that there were no infection symptoms of stalks in the winter wheat lines and/or varieties, in which both Pch1 and Pch2 genes were identified. In these lines/varieties, the lowest infection of seedlings was also observed. The highest percentage of infected sheaths was identified in genotypes where Pch1 and Pch2 genes were not found. The highest seedling infection was also observed for these genotypes. It was shown that the presence of Pch1 and Pch2 genes or their absence did not significantly affect the grain yield and the thousands kernels weight (TKW). Genotypes with the Pch1 and Pch2 genes showed slightly higher values for both technological parameters.

How do eyespot resistance genes transferred into winter wheat breeding lines affect their yield?

Eyespot can reduce yields, even up to 50%. There are four genetically characterized resistances in wheat varieties, controlled by: (1) the Pch1 gene, transferred from Aegilops ventricosa; (2) the Pch2 gene, originating from wheat variety Capelle Desprez; (3) the Pch3 gene, originating from Dasypyrum villosum; and (4) the Q.Pch.jic-5A gene, a quantitative trait locus (QTL) located on chromosome 5A of Capelle Desprez. However, those loci have drawbacks, such as linkage of Pch1 with deleterious traits and limited effectiveness of Pch2 against the disease. Here we present an initial study which aims to characterize wheat pre-registration breeding lines carrying 12 eyespot resistance genes, consider their resistance expression in inoculation tests and the influence of resistance genotypes on the yield. We selected four groups of breeding lines, carrying: (1) the Pch1 gene alone: one line; (2) the Pch2 gene alone: four lines; (3) the Q.Pch.jic-5A gene alone: one line; and (4) Pch1 + Q.Pch.jic-5A: three lines. For the first time, the effect of the combination of Pch1 and Q.Pch.jic-5A genes was compared with resistance conferred by Pch1 or Q.Pch.jic-5A alone. We found significant differences between infection scores evaluated in resistant lines carrying Pch1 and Q.Pch.jic-5A alone, while no differences in terms of the level of resistance expression were detected between Pch1 alone and Pch1 + Q.Pch.jic-5A, and between wheat lines carrying Pch1 and Pch2 alone. Moreover, we demonstrated that the Pch1 gene, together with an Ae. ventricosa segment, caused statistically significant yield losses, both as a single eyespot resistance source or in a combination with Q.Pch.jic-5A. Yield scores showed that wheat lines with Q.Pch.jic-5A had the highest yields, similar to the yielding potential of Pch2-bearing lines and control varieties