Níveis de infestação de Zaprionus indianus (Diptera: Drosophilidae) em diferentes frutos hospedeiros

The fig fly, Zaprionus indianus Gupta, 1970 (Diptera: Drosophilidae) is a generalist species, but economically important in the fig culture, in which it is considered a primary pest. This study aimed to verify the levels of natural infestation of Z. indianus in blackberry, strawberry guava, Physalis, guava, blueberry, strawberry and Surinam cherry fruits in southern Brazil. The indexes were calculated through the number of flies emerged per fruit and the number of flies per mass (Kg) of fruit. The highest rates of infestation (fly/Kg) were observed in blackberries (1295), strawberry guavas (1253) and Surinam cherries (1016); for the second index, (M/n) in guavas (26.17), strawberry guavas (11.87) and strawberries (10.27). Fruits collected directly from the plant were more infested compared with fruits collected from the soil, which may be due to the initial attack of Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura, 1931) (Diptera: Drosophilidae) and Anastrepha spp., pests already disseminated in the region.A mosca-do-figo, Zaprionus indianus Gupta, 1970 (Diptera: Drosophilidae) é uma espécie generalista, mas importante economicamente na cultura do figo, onde é considerada praga primária. Esse estudo teve como objetivo verificar os níveis de infestação natural de Z. indianus em frutos de amora, araçá, fisális, goiaba, mirtilo, morango e pitanga na região sul do Brasil. Os índices foram calculados por meio do número de moscas emergidas por fruto e do número de moscas por massa (kg) de fruto. Os maiores índices de infestação (mosca/kg) foram verificados em amoras (1295), araçás (1253) e pitangas (1016), enquanto que para o segundo índice (M/n) os maiores índices foram verificados em goiabas (26,17), araçás (11,87) e morangos (10,27). Frutos coletados diretamente da planta foram mais infestados em relação a frutos coletados no solo, o que pode ser devido ao ataque inicial de Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura, 1931) (Diptera: Drosophilidae) e Anastrepha spp., pragas já disseminadas na região

Impact of gamma radiation dose on sterility and quality parameters of Anastrepha fraterculus (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann, 1830) (Diptera: Tephritidae) is a major fruit pest, which is basicaly controlled using insecticides, which represents a risk to benefi cial arthropods, human health and food contamination. The sterile insect technique (SIT) is a potential alternative tool for the management of this pest, however, only confl icting data is found regarding the optimal dose to achieve sterility. Thus, this study evaluated the effect of gamma radiation doses (0, 40, 50, 60 and 70 Gy) on male and female reproductive sterility, gonads morphometry, emergence, fl ight ability, and longevity under nutritional stress of A. fraterculus. Full female sterility was achieved at 50 Gy, while full male sterility was achieved at 70 Gy. Both ovarian and testicular sizes were affected by irradiation, while no infl uence was observed on the quality parameters evaluated. Our results suggest that 70 Gy applied 48 h before adult emergence can be used to sterilize A. fraterculus in a SIT programme

Effects of insecticides on adults and eggs of Drosophila suzukii (Diptera, Drosophilidae)

Drosophila suzukii (Diptera, Drosophilidae) es una especie exótica, endémica del Asia y actualmenteconsiderada plaga de pequeños frutos y frutas con hueso en varios países de Norteamérica y Europa. En 2013 fue detectada por primera vez en América del Sur, en el sur de Brasil. A diferencia de la mayoría de drosofílidos, esta especie merece mucha atención debido a que las hembras son capaces ovipositar dentro de frutos sanos, tornando imposible su comercialización y exportación. A pesar que la presencia de esta especie ya fue confirmada en diferentes estados de Brasil, aún no alcanza la condición de plaga. Sin embargo, la simple presencia de esta especie provoca preocupación a los productores de pequeños frutos y justifica la investigación de métodos de control, especialmente el control químico, el cual ayudaría a los fruticultores en caso que el insecto se torne una plaga. Con estos antecedentes, el objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar, en laboratorio, el efecto ovicida y la mortalidad de adultos D. suzukii a diferentes insecticidas registrados para especies de la familia Tephritidae y Agromyzidae en varios cultivos. Los insecticidas deltametrina, dimetoato, spinosad, fenitrotion, fosmet, malatión, metidation y zeta-cipermetrina provocaron 100 % de mortalidad de adultos tres días después de la aplicación (DDA). Se constató que los insecticidas fenitrotion, malatión y metidation inviabilizaron 100 % de los huevos, seguidos por fosmet y diflubenzuron, que causaron una considerable reducción de eclosión de larvas dos DDA.Drosophila suzukii (Diptera, Drosophilidae) is an exotic species, endemic to Asia and currently a pest to small and stone fruits in several countries of North America and Europe. It was detected in 2013 for the first time in South America, in the south of Brazil. Unlike most drosophilids, this species deserves special attention, because the females are capable of oviposit inside healthy fruits, rendering their sale and export prohibited. Despite the confirmed existence of this species in different states of Brazil, this insect is yet been to be given the pest status. Nevertheless, the mere presence of this species is enough to cause concern to producers of small fruits and to justify further investigation for it’s control, especially chemical control for a possible change in status. Therefore, the goal of this work was to evaluate, in laboratory, mortality of D. suzukii adults and ovicidal effect when exposed to different insecticides registered for species of the Tephritidae and Agromyzidae families in different cultures. The insecticides deltamethrin, dimethoate, spinosad, fenitrothion, phosmet, malathion, methidathion, and zeta-cypermethrin resulted in mortality to 100 % of the subjects three days after the treatment (DAT). Regarding the effects over eggs, it was  established that the insecticides fenitrothion, malathion, and methidathion deemed 100 % of the eggs not viable, followed by phosmet and diflubenzuron, which also caused elevated reduction in the eclosion of larvae two DAT

Efecto de insecticidas sobre adultos y huevos de Drosophila suzukii (Diptera, Drosophilidae).

Drosophila suzukii (Diptera, Drosophilidae) es una especie exótica, endémica del Asia y actualmente considerada plaga de pequeños frutos y frutas con hueso en varios países de Norteamérica y Europa. En 2013 fue detectada por primera vez en América del Sur, en el sur de Brasil. A diferencia de la mayoría de drosofílidos, esta especie merece mucha atención debido a que las hembras son capaces ovipositar dentro de frutos sanos, tornando imposible su comercialización y exportación. A pesar que la presencia de esta especie ya fue confirmada en diferentes estados de Brasil, aún no alcanza la condición de plaga. Sin embargo, la simple presencia de esta especie provoca preocupación a los productores de pequeños frutos y justifica la investigación de métodos de control, especialmente el control químico, el cual ayudaría a los fruticultores en caso que el insecto se torne una plaga. Con estos antecedentes, el objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar, en laboratorio, el efecto ovicida y la mortalidad de adultos D. suzukii a diferentes insecticidas registrados para especies de la familia Tephritidae y Agromyzidae en varios cultivos. Los insecticidas deltametrina, dimetoato, spinosad, fenitrotion, fosmet, malatión, metidation y zeta-cipermetrina provocaron 100 % de mortalidad de adultos tres días después de la aplicación (DDA). Se constató que los insecticidas fenitrotion, malatión y metidation inviabilizaron 100 % de los huevos, seguidos por fosmet y diflubenzuron, que causaron una considerable reducción de eclosión de larvas dos DDA

Efeitos do nim sobre tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) e os predadores Phytoseiulus macropilis (Banks) e Neoseiulus californicus (Mcgregor) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) Effects of neem on tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) and the predators Phytoseiulus macropilis (Banks) and Neoseiulus Californicus (Mcgregor) (Acari: phytoseiidae)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência de controle e os efeitos adversos de dois produtos à base de nim Azamax® (Azadiractina A/B 12g/L) e Neemseto® (Azadiractina A/B, Nimbina e Salanina 2,389 g/L) sobre o ácaro-rajado Tetranychus urticae e os predadores Phytoseiulus macropilis e Neoseiulus californicus em laboratório. Para o ácaro-rajado, foram consideradas as variáveis mortalidade, fecundidade, efeito ovicida e persistência biológica, enquanto para os fitoseídeos consideraram-se mortalidade e fecundidade. A mortalidade máxima observada para o ácaro-rajado foi de 89,7% e 91,5% para Azamax® e Neemseto®, respectivamente, na concentração de 0,5% após a reaplicação do produto no sétimo dia. Também foram observados efeitos adversos sobre a fecundidade e a viabilidade dos ovos quando tratados com os produtos comerciais (p.c.). A persistência biológica dos produtos foi de aproximadamente três dias após a pulverização. As formulações apresentaram seletividade em relação aos fitoseídeos, porém causaram redução da fecundidade dos mesmos.<br>The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficiency of control and adverse effects of two neem based products: Azamax TM (Azadirachtin A/B 12g/L) and Neemseto TM (Azadirachtin A/B, Nimbin and Salanin 2,389 g/L) over two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae and the predators Phytoseiulus macropilis and Neoseiulus californicus in laboratory. Effects over the mortality, fecundity, eggs and biological persistence of the two-spotted spider mite when treated with neem based products were evaluated. For the phytoseiids the effects on mortality and fecundity were evaluated. The maximum mortality of two-spotted spider mites rates observed were 89.7% and 91.5% for Azamax TM and Neemseto TM respectively, on the 0.5% concentration after reapplying the product on the seventh day. Adverse effects were also observed over the fecundity and viability of the eggs when treated with commercial products (c.p.). The biological persistence of the products was of approximately three days after being pulverized. The formulations present selectivity in relation to the phytoseiids, however they caused fecundity reduction