Examining Classroom Observation Rubric Data: Issues emerging from classroom observation rubric data submitted August 2017

Observational rubrics should be designed to measure candidate progress toward prioritized skills in a valid and reliable way. Importantly, the observational rubric must accurately capture variation between the dimensions of teaching included on the rubric, among candidates, and over time. In August 2017, the Foundation asked NGEI campuses to submit observation rubric data from all or a subset of candidates enrolled in funded programs from the most recent semester from which data was available and to write a brief reflection on their rubric data. Campuses could choose to submit data from one or more points in time. The Foundation requested that WestEd/SRI analyze the data submitted by NGEI sites.The purpose of this memo is to provide an overview of the data campuses submitted, highlight patterns in the data, and identify issues that can inform changes in how campuses use their rubrics to support candidates

Developing Systems for High-Quality Feedback to Teacher Candidates: Lessons Learned from 11 California State University Teacher Preparation Programs

This paper shares information and lessons learned from sites that are attempting to transform their teacher preparation systems toward practice-based approaches that feature high-quality feedback for teacher candidates. The paper is based on qualitative data collected from 2016 through 2018 in 11 sites where partnerships between California State University (CSU) teacher preparation programs and local school districts are working to improve how they prepare new teachers. Each partnership received a grant from the New Generation of Educators Initiative (NGEI)

Strengthening the Clinical Orientation of Teacher Preparation Programs

Educators and policymakers across the United States recognize a growing urgency to improve the nation's systems of teacher preparation. Ensuring that teachers stay and thrive in the profession depends largely on having system-wide policies and practices in place that address teacher shortages, promote equity and excellence, and cultivate expertise, diversity, and more.The California State University (CSU) system partnered with the S.D. Bechtel, Jr. Foundation to launch the New Generation of Educators Initiative (NGEI), in an effort to transform the nature and quality of teacher preparation at both individual CSU campuses and across the CSU system as a whole. To answer the question, "What does it take to transform teacher education?" WestEd and SRI International conducted an evaluation to examine and share learnings about the CSU-led effort to implement large-scale clinically oriented teacher preparation reform.As part of a series of new evaluation reports that explore key transformational elements of effective teacher preparation programs, this paper identifies key levers to put high-quality clinical experience - that is, the opportunity to practice the work of teaching in classrooms - at the center of teacher preparation. Findings in this report explore the following high-leverage strategies to strengthen the clinical orientation of teacher preparation programs:Lever 1: Identify prioritized skillsLever 2: Select or create a rubric to assess candidate proficiency with prioritized skillsLever 3: Integrate and expand opportunities to practice prioritized skillsLever 4: Re-conceptualize clinical roles, selection, and supportLever 5: Define and implement processes to provide formative feedback to candidates on prioritized skill

Building Strong Partnerships to Improve Clinically Oriented Teacher Preparation

Educators and policymakers across the United States recognize a growing urgency to improve the nation's systems of teacher preparation. Ensuring that teachers stay and thrive in the profession depends largely on having system-wide policies and practices in place that address teacher shortages, promote equity and excellence, and cultivate expertise, diversity, and more.The California State University (CSU) system partnered with the S.D. Bechtel, Jr. Foundation to launch the New Generation of Educators Initiative (NGEI), in an effort to transform the nature and quality of teacher preparation at both individual CSU campuses and across the CSU system as a whole. To answer the question, "What does it take to transform teacher education?" WestEd and SRI International conducted an evaluation to examine and share learnings about the CSU-led effort to implement large-scale clinically oriented teacher preparation reform.As part of a series of new evaluation reports that explore key transformational elements of effective teacher preparation programs, this paper describes how participating CSU campuses and their partner school districts strengthened their relationships and developed strategic partnerships to establish the necessary foundations for high-quality, clinically oriented programming.This paper identifies four levers that can be operationalized in order to sustain strong partnerships between stakeholders:Lever 1: Create and operationalize a shared visionLever 2: Identify key rolesLever 3: Ensure space and time to collaborateLever 4: Share data to identify needs and monitor progres

Effect of the antioxidant idebenone on maternal diabetes-induced embryo alterations during early organogenesis

Research question: Can maternal treatments with idebenone, a structural analogue of coenzyme Q10, prevent alterations on markers of proinflammatory–prooxidant processes, on the expression of genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis and function, and on the apoptotic rate in embryos from mild diabetic rats? Design: A mild diabetic rat model was induced by neonatal–streptozotocin administration (90 mg/kg subcutaneously). Female diabetic rats and controls were mated with healthy males. From day 1 of pregnancy, control and diabetic rats were orally treated with idebenone (100 mg/kg daily). On day 10.5 of gestation, the embryos were explanted and prepared for immunohistochemical studies, for the evaluation of gene expression by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and for TdT (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase)-mediated dUDP nick-end-labelling assay analysis. Results: Embryos from mild diabetic rats showed increased levels of nitrated proteins, 4-hydroxynonenal and matrix metalloproteinase 9, which were prevented by idebenone administration. We also found a decreased embryonic expression of cytochrome c oxidase and reduced mRNA levels of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ coactivator-1-α and nuclear respiratory factor-1, both of which were prevented by idebenone administration to the diabetic pregnant rats. Embryos from mild diabetic rats also showed an increased apoptotic rate, which was diminished by idebenone treatment. Conclusion: Maternal idebenone treatment ameliorates altered parameters related to the prooxidant–proinflammatory environment found in embryos from mild diabetic rats, suggesting a putative treatment to prevent diabetes-induced embryo alterations.Fil: Higa, Romina Daniela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos; ArgentinaFil: Roberti, Sabrina Lorena. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos; ArgentinaFil: Mazzucco, María Belén. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ingeniería de Procesos, Biotecnología y Energías Alternativas. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Instituto de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ingeniería de Procesos, Biotecnología y Energías Alternativas; ArgentinaFil: White, Verónica. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos; ArgentinaFil: Jawerbaum, Alicia Sandra. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos; Argentin

An interdisciplinary assessment of climate engineering strategies

Author Posting. © Ecological Society of America, 2014. This article is posted here by permission of Ecological Society of America for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 12 (2014): 280–287, doi:10.1890/130030.Mitigating further anthropogenic changes to the global climate will require reducing greenhouse-gas emissions (“abatement”), or else removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and/or diminishing solar input (“climate engineering”). Here, we develop and apply criteria to measure technical, economic, ecological, institutional, and ethical dimensions of, and public acceptance for, climate engineering strategies; provide a relative rating for each dimension; and offer a new interdisciplinary framework for comparing abatement and climate engineering options. While abatement remains the most desirable policy, certain climate engineering strategies, including forest and soil management for carbon sequestration, merit broad-scale application. Other proposed strategies, such as biochar production and geological carbon capture and storage, are rated somewhat lower, but deserve further research and development. Iron fertilization of the oceans and solar radiation management, although cost-effective, received the lowest ratings on most criteria. We conclude that although abatement should remain the central climate-change response, some low-risk, cost-effective climate engineering approaches should be applied as complements. The framework presented here aims to guide and prioritize further research and analysis, leading to improvements in climate engineering strategies.NSF grant #1103575 supported KRMM

Critical role of mTOR, PPARγ and PPARδ signaling in regulating early pregnancy decidual function, embryo viability and feto-placental growth

STUDY QUESTION: What are the consequences of inhibiting mTOR, the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), and the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) and PPARδ pathways in the early post-implantation period on decidual function, embryo viability and feto-placental growth in the ratγ SUMMARY ANSWER: mTOR inhibition from Days 7 to 9 of pregnancy in rats caused decidual PPARγ and PPARδ upregulation on Day 9 of pregnancy and resulted in embryo resorption by Day 14 of pregnancy. PPARγ and PPARδ inhibition differentially affected decidual mTOR signaling and levels of target proteins relevant to lipid histotrophic nutrition and led to reduced feto-placental weights on Day 14 of pregnancy. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: Although mTOR, PPARγ and PPARδ are nutrient sensors important during implantation, the role of these signaling pathways in decidual function and how they interact in the early post-implantation period are unknown. Perilipin 2 (PLIN2) and fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4), two adipogenic proteins involved in lipid histotrophic nutrition, are targets of mTOR and PPAR signaling pathways in a variety of tissues. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: Rapamycin (mTOR inhibitor, 0.75 mg/kg, sc), T0070907 (PPARγ inhibitor, 0.001 mg/kg, sc), GSK0660 (PPARδ inhibitor, 0.1 mg/kg, sc) or vehicle was injected daily to pregnant rats from Days 7 to 9 of pregnancy and the studies were performed on Day 9 of pregnancy (n = 7 per group) or Day 14 of pregnancy (n = 7 per group). PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS: On Day 9 of pregnancy, rat decidua were collected and prepared for western blot and immunohistochemical studies. On Day 14 of pregnancy, the resorption rate, number of viable fetuses, crown-rump length and placental and decidual weights were determined. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: Inhibition of mTOR in the early post-implantation period led to a reduction in FABP4 protein levels, an increase in PLIN2 levels and an upregulation of PPARγ and PPARδ in 9-day-pregnant rat decidua. Most embryos were viable on Day 9 of pregnancy but had resorbed by Day 14 of pregnancy. This denotes a key function of mTOR in the post-implantation period and suggests that activation of PPAR signaling was insufficient to compensate for impaired nutritional/survival signaling induced by mTOR inhibition. Inhibition of PPARγ signaling resulted in decreased decidual PLIN2 and FABP4 protein expression as well as in inhibition of decidual mTOR signaling in Day 9 of pregnancy. This treatment also reduced feto-placental growth on Day 14 of pregnancy, revealing the relevance of PPARγ signaling in sustaining post-implantation growth. Moreover, following inhibition of PPARδ, PLIN2 levels were decreased and mTOR complex 1 and 2 signaling was altered in decidua on Day 9 of pregnancy. On Day 14 of pregnancy, PPARδ inhibition caused reduced fetoplacental weight, increased decidual weight and increased resorption rate, suggesting a key role of PPARδ in sustaining post-implantation development. LARGE SCALE DATA: Not applicable. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION: This is an in vivo animal study and the relevance of the results for humans remains to be established. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: The early post-implantation period is a critical window of development and changes in the intrauterine environment may cause embryo resorption and lead to placental and fetal growth restriction. mTOR, PPARγ and PPARδ signaling are decidual nutrient sensors with extensive cross-talk that regulates adipogenic proteins involved in histotrophic nutrition and important for embryo viability and early placental and fetal development and growth. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S): Funding was provided by the Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica de Argentina (PICT 2014-411 and PICT 2015-0130), and by the International Cooperation (Grants CONICET-NIH-2014 and CONICETNIH- 2017) to A.J. and T.J. The authors have no conflicts of interest.Fil: Roberti, Sabrina Lorena. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos; ArgentinaFil: Higa, Romina Daniela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos; ArgentinaFil: White, Verónica. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos; ArgentinaFil: Powell, Theresa L.. State University of Colorado at Boulder; Estados UnidosFil: Jansson, Thomas. State University of Colorado at Boulder; Estados UnidosFil: Jawerbaum, Alicia Sandra. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos; Argentin

Activation of peroxisome proliferator nuclear receptors regulates lipid metabolism in the placenta

OBJECTIVE: Peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARs), known regulators of lipid homeostasis in different tissues, are crucial during placental development. In this work we aim to determine whether PPARs activation modulates lipid metabolism in the placenta from control and diabetic experimental models at midgestation. MATERIALS-METHODS: Placental explants obtained from control and neonatal-streptozotocin-induced- diabetic rats on day 13.5 of gestation were cultured in the presence or absence of ligands of the three PPARs isoforms (clofibrate, 15deoxydelta12,14prostaglandin J2 and carbaprostacyclin; which are PPARα, PPARγ and PPARδ agonists respectively) for further analysis of lipid metabolism. Lipid levels (triglycerides, cholesterol, cholesteryl esters and phospholipids) were analysed by thin layer chromatography, de novo lipid synthesis was assessed by incorporation of 14C-acetate as a tracer, and lipid catabolism was studied through the evaluation of glycerol release. RESULTS: Placental tissues from diabetic rats showed increased triglycerides and cholesteryl ester levels, decreased de novo lipid synthesis and enhanced lipid catabolism when compared to controls. PPARα activation reduced lipid levels and synthesis, and increased lipid catabolism in the placenta. PPARγ activation did not modify placental lipid mass and catabolism, but significantly reduced de novo lipid synthesis. PPARδ ligands reduced phospholipid levels and de novo lipid synthesis, and increased placental lipid catabolism. CONCLUSIONS: These results provide evidence of novel PPARs functions as regulators of placental lipid metabolism, a first step in the understanding of pathways that may allow the regulation of placental lipid metabolism and the prevention of the lipid overload transferred to the developing fetus in maternal diabetes.Fil: Jawerbaum, Alicia Sandra. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos; ArgentinaFil: Capobianco, Evangelina Lorena. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos; ArgentinaFil: Martinez, Nora Alicia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos; ArgentinaFil: White, Verónica. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos; ArgentinaFil: Pustovrh, María Carolina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos; ArgentinaFil: Higa, Romina Daniela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos; ArgentinaFil: Gonzalez, Élida Teresa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos; Argentin

Coronavirus Anxiety Scale: New psychometric evidence for the Spanish version based on CFA and IRT models in a Peruvian sample

The aim of the study was to analyze the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale (CAS), using Item Response Theory (IRT) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). The participants were 790 Peruvians, selected through a convenience sampling, where the majority were women. The CFA models indicated that the one-dimensional structure better represents the data, is reliable and invariant between men and women. Likewise, IRT findings indicate that CAS is more informative for high levels of COVID-19 anxiety. The CAS in Spanish has adequate psychometric properties to be used as a short measure of COVID-19 anxiety