Effectiveness of Sodium Hypochlorite plus EDTA Compared with Peracetic Acid in Removing Smear Layer and Killing Enterococcus faecalis

Introduction: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of 2.5% sodium hypochlorite associated with 17% Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (NaOCl-EDTA), versus that of 1% peracetic acid (PA), in removing the smear layer, as assessed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and in exerting bactericidal action against Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis), as assessed by the real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR). Methods and Materials: Fifty-five extracted mandibular single-rooted premolars were selected, and divided into two experimental groups (NaOCl-EDTA and PA; n=25) and one control group (0.9% saline; n=5). Pre- and post-instrumentation samples were collected and assessed for the presence of E. faecalis using real-time PCR. The teeth were instrumented using hand files and the ProTaper Universal system (hybrid technique) for a standardized time of 7 min. A total of 20 mL of NaOCl followed by 5 mL of EDTA were applied during instrumentation in the NaOCl-EDTA group, whereas 20 mL of PA and 20 mL of saline were applied in the PA and control groups, respectively. An additional 5 mL of saline was applied in all the groups to neutralize the environment. A scoring system was used to conduct the SEM assessment. The results were submitted to the Kruskal-Wallis test, complemented by Dunn's test (SEM analysis) (P<0.05). Results: A significant microbial reduction was observed in both the PA and the NaOCl-EDTA groups (P<0.05). In the PA group, the presence of a smear layer in the apical third was significantly greater than in the cervical third (P<0.05); no significant differences were observed between the middle and cervical thirds, or between the middle and apical thirds (P>0.05). In the NaOCl-EDTA group, the smear layer scores were significantly higher in the apical third than in the cervical and middle thirds (P<0.05). Conclusion: This in vitro study showed that there was no significant difference between PA and NaOCl-EDTA irrigation regimens regarding either antimicrobial action against E. faecalis or removal of the smear layer, except for greater removal in the middle third by the NaOCl-EDTA group.Keywords: Endodontic Irrigation; Enterococcus faecalis; Peracetic Acid; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; Sodium Hypochlorite

A fitoterapia e o enfermeiro no âmbito da atenção primária à saúde / Phytotherapy and the nurse in primary health care

A Fitoterapia é o estudo das plantas medicinais e sua usabilidade na cura das doenças em suas diferentes formas de apresentação farmacêutica, sendo considerada necessária pela Organização Mundial de Saúde a sua utilização no domínio sanitário. Objetivo: este estudo teve como objetivo discutir o uso da fitoterapia na Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) e o papel do enfermeiro. Método: tratou-se de uma revisão de literatura realizada mediante coleta de dados bibliográficos disponíveis nas plataformas do Ministério da Saúde (MS), banco de dados digitais LILACS, SCIELO e PUBMED e em teses e dissertações publicadas entre 2006 e 2020 que abordaram temas relacionados a prática da fitoterapia na APS. Desenvolvimento: a utilização de plantas para fins terapêuticos remonta desde os primórdios da humanidade. Vários países reconhecem a importância da fitoterapia e aprovam seu uso dentro das políticas públicas de saúde, incluindo o Brasil, onde a prática é respaldada pela Política Nacional de Práticas Integrativas e Complementares (PNPIC) e pela Política Nacional de Plantas Medicinais e Fitoterápicos (PNPMF). O nível primário de atenção é responsável pela maioria dos atendimentos em saúde no país. Embora a prática fitoterápica apresente muitos benefícios, há aspectos dificultadores para a implementação desta na APS, tornando-se fundamental o papel do enfermeiro neste contexto. Considerações finais: cabe à ação conjunta entre gestores do SUS e instituições de ensino a capacitação para o atendimento fitoterápico de modo a permitir a efetividade desta prática na Atenção Primária.

Root Fracture Resistance of Maxillary Premolars Obturated with Three Root Canal Sealers after Passive Ultrasonic Irrigation: An in Vitro study

Introduction: Maxillary premolars, may be more susceptible to fracture due to their anatomy; especially when there is loss of tooth structure. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate materials and techniques that may increase fracture resistance during and post root canal treatment. This in vitro study aimed to evaluate root fracture resistance of maxillary premolars when filled with three root canal sealers as well as whether this resistance would be increased by passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI). Methods and Materials: Sixty-four maxillary premolars with two roots were randomly divided into one negative control group (intact canals; n=8), one positive control group (instrumented, unsealed canals; n=8), and six experimental groups (n=8), which were instrumented with ProTaper Next rotary system up to X2 file and subdivided according to final irrigation (with or without PUI) and type of sealer used (AH-Plus [AH], MTA Fillapex [MTA], or EndoSequence BC Sealer [ES]). The specimens were subjected to fracture strength test in a universal testing machine at a speed of 1 mm/min until fracture. The maximum force required to induce fracture was recorded (N).  Results: The lowest force required to cause root fracture was observed in the positive control group (310.48±54.08 N); this was significantly different from the other groups (P<0.05). There was no significant difference between experimental groups obturated with the same sealer, whether with or without PUI (AH with PUI: 558.80±87.12 N; AH without PUI: 508.75±97.55 N; MTA with PUI: 507.27±174.55 N; MTA without PUI: 516.69±96.56 N; ES with PUI: 526.76±143.97 N; ES without PUI: 628.40 ± 94.74 N) (P>0.05). There was also no significant difference between the experimental groups and the negative control group (P>0.05). Conclusions: In this in vitro study PUI did not increase the fracture resistance of maxillary premolars, while AH Plus, MTA Fillapex, EndoSequence sealers increased fracture resistance of instrumented root canals

Haloperidol aumenta a peroxidação lipídica hepática promovida por uma dieta rica em gordura em ratos

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the treatment with haloperidol (HAL) associated with a high-fat diet (HF) on hepatic and renal damage, intracellular magnesium (Mg2+) levels, and abdominal fat content. Young male Wistar rats were fed with high-fat diet or control diet during 48 weeks and, at the 24-week, part of animals began to be co-treated with HAL (1 mg/Kg/day intramuscularly). After 4 weeks of the drug administration, the livers and kidneys were removed for analyses. The results showed that HF diet significantly increased lipid peroxidation in the hepatic tissue of treated animals, when compared to animals treated with control diet (P<0.05). Moreover, HF associated with HAL further increased the hepatic lipid peroxidation levels (P<0.05). In contrast, HF and/or HAL did not promote significant changes in renal lipid peroxidation levels. We also found a negative correlation between intracellular Mg2+ levels and abdominal fat content among all animals. In conclusion, the data presented suggest adverse interactions between HAL and HF on liver. Furthermore, the negative correlation between the intracellular Mg2+ levels and the abdominal fat accumulation suggest a possible involvement of Mg2+ in the metabolic syndrome development associated with a HF diet.Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar los efectos del tratamiento con haloperidol (HAL) asociado con una dieta alta en grasas (DAG) sobre el daño hepático y renal, los niveles de magnesio intracelular (Mg2+) y los niveles de grasa abdominal. Para esto, se trataron ratas Wistar macho jóvenes con DAG o con dieta de control durante 48 semanas. En la semana 24, parte de los animales comenzaron a ser tratados conjuntamente con HAL (1 mg/kg/día por vía intramuscular). Después de 4 semanas de administración de HAL, las ratas fueron sacrificadas y sus tejidos fueron retirados para análisis. Los resultados indicaron que una DAG aumentó significativamente la peroxidación lipídica en el tejido hepático en comparación con los animales tratados con dieta de control (P <0.05). Además, la asociación entre DAG y HAL aumentó la lipoperoxidación en el hígado de los animales (P <0.05). Por otro lado, DAG y/o HAL no promovieron cambios significativos en los niveles de lipoperoxidación renal. Encontramos una correlación negativa entre los niveles intracelulares de Mg2+ y el contenido de grasa abdominal en todos los animales. En conclusión, los datos mostrados indican interacciones adversas entre HAL y DAG en el hígado. Además, la correlación negativa entre los niveles intracelulares de Mg2 + y el contenido de grasa abdominal indica una posible participación de Mg2 + en el desarrollo del síndrome metabólico asociado con una DAG.Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar os efeitos do tratamento com haloperidol (HAL) associado a uma dieta rica em gordura (DRG) sobre danos hepáticos e renais, níveis intracelulares de magnésio (Mg2+) e níveis de gordura abdominal. Ratos Wistar machos jovens foram alimentados com DRG ou dieta controle por 48 semanas e, na 24º semana, parte dos animais começou a ser co-tratada com HAL (1 mg/kg/dia por via intramuscular). Após 4 semanas da administração do HAL, os ratos foram eutanasiados e seus fígados e rins foram removidos para as análises. Os resultados mostraram que a DRG aumentou significativamente a peroxidação lipídica no tecido hepático dos animais, quando comparados aos animais tratados com dieta controle (P <0,05). Além disso, a associação entre DRG e HAL potencializou a lipoperoxidação no fígado dos animais (P <0,05). Por outro lado, a DRG e/ou HAL não promoveram alterações significativas nos níveis renais de lipoperoxidação. Encontramos uma correlação negativa entre os níveis intracelulares de Mg2+ e o conteúdo de gordura abdominal em todos os animais. Em conclusão, os dados apresentados sugerem interações adversas entre HAL e DRG no fígado. Além disso, a correlação negativa entre os níveis intracelulares de Mg2+ e o conteúdo de gordura abdominal, indica um possível envolvimento de Mg2+ no desenvolvimento da síndrome metabólica associada a uma DRG

Climate change potential effects on grapevine bioclimatic indices: a case study for the Portuguese demarcated Douro Region (Portugal)

In this work, bioclimatic parameters and indices relevant to the grapevine are estimated for the years 2000 (recent-pat), 2049 (medium-term future) and 2097 (long-term future), based on very high resolution (1 km × 1 km) MPI-WRF RCP8.5 climate simulations. The selected parameters and indices are the mean temperature during the grapevine growing season period (April to October, Tgs), the cumulative rainfall during the grapevine growing season period (Pgs), the Winkler index (WI), the Huglin heliothermic index (HI), the night cold index (CI) and the dryness index (DI). In general, a significant increase in mean temperature during the grapevine growing season period is observed, together with a significant decrease in precipitation. The recent-past WI is associated with the production of high-quality wines; the higher values predicted for the future represent intensive production of wines of intermediate quality. The HI shows the passage of a grapevine growing region considered as temperate-warm to a warm category of higher helio-thermicity. The recent-past CI indicates very cool conditions (associated with quality wines), while in the future there is a tendency for temperate or warmer nights. Finally, DI indicates an increase in water stress considered already high under the recent-past climate conditions. These results point to an increased climatic stress on the Douro region wine production and increased vulnerability of its vine varieties, providing evidence to support strategies aimed to preserve the high-quality wines in the region and their typicality in a sustainable way.The authors wish to thank the financial support of the DOUROZONE project (PTDC/AAG-MAA/3335/2014; POCI- 01-0145-FEDER-016778) through the Project 3599 – Promoting the scientific production and the technological development, and thematic networks (3599-PPCDT) and through FEDER, and the national funds from FCT-Science and Technology Portuguese Foundation for the doctoral grants of Blanco-Ward, D. (SFRH/BD/139193/2018) and Silveira, C. (SFRH/BD/112343/2015). Thanks, are also due for the financial support to CESAM (UID/AMB/50017 - POCI-01-0145-FEDER- 007638), to FCT/MEC through national funds (PIDDAC), and the co-funding by the FEDER, within the PT2020 Partnership Agreement and Compete 2020.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Grapevine bioclimatic indices in relation to climate change: a case study in the Portuguese Douro Demarcated Region

Climate change is of major relevance to wine production as most of the wine-growing regions of the world, in particular the Douro region, are located within relatively narrow latitudinal bands with average growing season temperatures limited to 13-21ºC. This study focuses on the temporal variability of three grapevine bioclimatic indices, which are commonly used as part of the Geoviticulture Multicriteria Climatic Classification System (MCC) to classify the climate of wine producing regions worldwide. Dynamical downscaling of MPI-ESM-LR global data forced with RCP8.5 climatic scenario is performed with the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model to a regional scale including the Douro valley of Portugal for recent-past (1986-2005) and future periods (2046-2065; 2081-2100). Results indicate significant shifts towards warmer and dryer conditions during the growing season and higher night temperatures during the grape ripening period. An assessment on the statistical significance of the differences between the recent-past and the future scenarios and the potential impact on wine production in the study area is performed. These results will provide evidence for future strategies aimed to preserve the high-quality wines in the region and their typicality in a sustainable way.The authors wish to thank the financial support of the DOUROZONE project (PTDC/AAG-MAA/3335/2014; POCI- 01-0145-FEDER-016778) through the Project 3599 – Promoting the scientific production and the technological development, and thematic networks (3599-PPCDT) and through FEDER, and the national funds from FCT – Science and Technology Portuguese Foundation for the doc grant of C. Silveira (SFRH/BD/112343/2015).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Analysis of climate change indices in relation to wine production: a case study in the Douro region (Portugal)

Climate change is of major relevance to wine production as most of the wine-growing regions of the world, in particular the Douro region, are located within relatively narrow latitudinal bands with average growing season temperatures limited to 13–21◦C. This study focuses on the incidence of climate variables and indices that are relevant both for climate change detection and for grape production with particular emphasis on extreme events (e.g. cold waves, storms, heat waves). Dynamical downscaling ofMPI-ESM-LR global data forced with RCP8.5 climatic scenario is performed with the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model to a regional scale including the Douro valley of Portugal for recent-past (1986–2005) and future periods (2046– 2065; 2081–2100). The number, duration and intensity of events are superimposed over critical phenological phases of the vine (dormancy, bud burst, flowering, v´eraison, and maturity) in order to assess their positive or negative implications on wine production in the region. An assessment on the statistical significance of climatic indices, their differences between the recent-past and the future scenarios and the potential impact on wine production is performed. Preliminary results indicate increased climatic stress on the Douro region wine production and increased vulnerability of its vine varieties. These results will provide evidence for future strategies aimed to preserve the high-quality wines in the region and their typicality in a sustainable way.The authors wish to thank the financial support of the DOUROZONE project (PTDC/AAG-MAA/3335/2014; POCI- 01-0145-FEDER-016778) through the Project 3599 – Promoting the scientific production and the technological development, and thematic networks (3599-PPCDT) and through FEDER.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Climate change impact on a wine-producing region using a dynamical downscaling approach: Climate parameters, bioclimatic indices and extreme indices

Climate change is of major relevance to wine production as most of the winegrowing regions of the world are located within relatively narrow latitudinal bands with average growing-season temperatures (GSTs) limited to 13–21 C. This study focuses on the incidence of climate variables and indices that are relevant both for climate change assessment and for grape production, with emphasis on grapevine bioclimatic indices and extreme events (e.g., cold waves, storms, heatwaves). Dynamical downscaling of European Reanalysis-Interim and Max Planck Institute Earth System low-resolution global simulations forced with a Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 (RCP8.5) greenhouse gas emission scenario was performed with the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model to a regional scale including the Douro Valley of Portugal for recent-past (1986–2005) and future periods (2046–2065, 2081–2100). The number, duration and intensity of events were superimposed over critical phenological phases estimated by using a specific local grapevine varietal phenological model in order to assess their positive or negative implications for wine production in the region. An assessment of the relevance of climate parameters and indices and their progression in recent-past and future climate scenarios with regard to the potential impact on wine production was performed. Results indicate a positive relation between higher growing-season heat accumulations and greater vintage yields. A moderate incidence of very hot days (daily maximum temperature above 35 C) and drought from pre-véraison phenological conditions have a positive association with vintage ratings. However, the mid- and long-term WRF-MPI RCP8.5 future climate scenarios reveal shifts to warmer and drier conditions, with the mean GST not remaining within range for quality wine production in the long-term future climate scenario. These results indicate potential impacts that suggest a range of strategies to maintain wine production and quality in the region.The authors wish to thank the DOUROZONE project (PTDC/AAG-MAA/3335/2014; POCI-01-0145-FEDER- 016778) for financial support through Project 3599 – Promoting the Scientific Production and the Technological Development, and Thematic Networks (3599-PPCDT) – and through FEDER, and the national funds from FCT-Science and Technology Portuguese Foundation for the doctoral grant of D. Blanco-Ward (SFRH/BD/139193/2018). Thanks are also due for the financial support to CESAM (UID/AMB/50017 - POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007638), to FCT/MEC through national funds, and the co-funding by FEDER within the PT2020 Partnership Agreement and Compete 2020.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio