Envejecimiento de la población

•Actividades básicas de la vida diaria en personas mayores y factores asociados •Asociación entre depresión y posesión de mascotas en personas mayores •Calidad de vida en adultos mayores de Santiago aplicando el instrumento WHOQOL-BREF •Calidad de vida en usuarios con enfermedad de Parkinson, demencia y sus cuidadores, comuna de Vitacura •Caracterización de egresos hospitalarios de adultos mayores en Puerto Natales (2007-2009) •Comportamiento de las patologías incluidas como GES para el adulto mayor atendido en un Cesfam •Contribución de vitaminas y minerales a las ingestas recomendadas diarias en ancianos institucionalizados de Madrid •Estado de salud oral del paciente inscrito en el Programa de Visita Domiciliaria •Evaluación del programa de discapacidad severa en Casablanca con la matriz de marco lógico •Factores asociados a satisfacción vital en una cohorte de adultos mayores de Santiago, Chile •Pauta instrumental para la identificación de riesgos para el adulto mayor autovalente, en su vivienda •Perfil farmacológico del paciente geriátrico institucionalizado y posibles consecuencias en el deterioro cognitivo •Programa de cuidados paliativos y alivio del dolor en Puerto Natales •Rehabilitación mandibular implantoprotésica: efecto en calidad de vida relacionada con salud bucal en adultos mayores •Salud bucodental en adultos mayores autovalentes de la Región de Valparaíso •Transición epidemiológica y el estudio de carga de enfermedad en Brasi

Bases moléculaires et cellulaires des interactions Vibrios Crassostrea gigas en contexte sain et pathologique

Bacteria of the genus Vibrio are ubiquitous in aquatic environments. They adopt free and associated lifestyles. They establish mutualistic, commensal and parasitic symbioses with numerous metazoa. In the healthy Crassostrea gigas oyster, an abundant and diverse microbiota that includes many Vibrio is maintained under immune homeostasis. However, under the influence of biotic or abiotic stressors a dysbiosis is created favoring the proliferation of opportunistic Vibrio species, which can induce the death of oysters. This occurs during the Pacific Oyster Mortality Syndrome (POMS), which is caused by an immunosuppressive virus, OsHV-1 µvar. We have here characterized the Vibrio / C. gigas interactions in health and disease. We show that in populations of V. splendidus associated with healthy oysters, virulence and colonization capacity can be constrained by the selection of O-antigen structures that are more easily recognized by the host immune system but which confer resistance to grazing by marine amoebae. This trade-off between the ability to colonize its host and environmental persistence is likely the cause of the great structural diversity observed for the O-antigen in this species. In a pathological context, we have shown that the species associated with the oyster are for the most part cytotoxic for the immune cells of their host, regardless of the environment considered (Atlantic, Mediterranean). This cytotoxicity is a key determinant of the escape from the oyster's powerful cellular defenses and determines the infectious success. We observed that the molecular bases of cytotoxicity are specific to each Vibrio species studied. Finally, beyond opportunistic pathogens that use cytotoxicity (V. tasmaniensis, V. crassostreae, V. splendidus, V. harveyi), we have identified simple opportunists, such as V. rotiferianus, which not only benefit from the immunosuppressive activity of other pathogens but also adopt strategies of non-cooperative acquisition of public goods, such as siderophores produced by the microbial community hosted by their host.Les bactéries du genre Vibrio sont ubiquitaires dans les milieux aquatiques. Elles adoptent des modes de vie libres et associés. Elles établissent des symbioses mutualistes, commensales et parasitaires avec de nombreux métazoaires. Chez l'huître Crassostrea gigas saine, un microbiote abondant et diversifié qui comprend de nombreux Vibrio est maintenu sous homéostasie immunitaire. Toutefois, sous l'influence de stress biotiques ou abiotiques une dysbiose se crée favorisant la prolifération d'espèces opportunistes de Vibrio qui peuvent induire la mort des huîtres. C’est notamment le cas lors du syndrome de mortalité des huîtres du Pacifique (POMS) provoqué par un virus immunosuppresseur, OsHV-1 µvar. Nous avons ici caractérisé les interactions Vibrio / C. gigas en contexte sain et pathologique. Nous montrons que chez des populations de V. splendidus associées à des huîtres saines, la virulence et la capacité de colonisation peuvent être contraintes par la sélection de structures de l’antigène O qui sont plus facilement reconnues par le système immunitaire de l'hôte mais qui confèrent une résistance au broutage par des amibes marines. Ce compromis entre la capacité à coloniser son hôte et la persistance environnementale est vraisemblablement à l’origine de la grande diversité structurale observée pour l’antigène O dans cette espèce. En contexte pathologique, nous avons montré que les espèces associées à l’huître sont en grande majorité cytotoxiques pour les cellules immunitaires de leur hôte, et ce, quel que soit l’environnement considéré (Atlantique, Méditerranée). Cette cytotoxicité est un déterminant clé de l’échappement aux puissantes défenses cellulaires de l’huître et du succès infectieux. Nous avons observé que les bases moléculaires de la cytotoxicité sont spécifiques à chaque espèce de Vibrio étudiée. Enfin, au-delà des agents pathogènes opportunistes qui utilisent la cytotoxicité (V. tasmaniensis, V. crassostreae, V. splendidus, V. harveyi), nous avons identifié de simples opportunistes, comme V. rotiferianus, qui non seulement bénéficient de l'activité immunosuppressive des autres agents pathogènes mais également adoptent des stratégies d'acquisition non coopérative de biens publics, tels que les sidérophores produits par la communauté microbienne hébergée par leur hôt

Cellular and molecular bases of Vibrio/Crassostrea gigas interactions in healthy and pathological context

Les bactéries du genre Vibrio sont ubiquitaires dans les milieux aquatiques. Elles adoptent des modes de vie libres et associés. Elles établissent des symbioses mutualistes, commensales et parasitaires avec de nombreux métazoaires. Chez l'huître Crassostrea gigas saine, un microbiote abondant et diversifié qui comprend de nombreux Vibrio est maintenu sous homéostasie immunitaire. Toutefois, sous l'influence de stress biotiques ou abiotiques une dysbiose se crée favorisant la prolifération d'espèces opportunistes de Vibrio qui peuvent induire la mort des huîtres. C’est notamment le cas lors du syndrome de mortalité des huîtres du Pacifique (POMS) provoqué par un virus immunosuppresseur, OsHV-1 µvar. Nous avons ici caractérisé les interactions Vibrio / C. gigas en contexte sain et pathologique. Nous montrons que chez des populations de V. splendidus associées à des huîtres saines, la virulence et la capacité de colonisation peuvent être contraintes par la sélection de structures de l’antigène O qui sont plus facilement reconnues par le système immunitaire de l'hôte mais qui confèrent une résistance au broutage par des amibes marines. Ce compromis entre la capacité à coloniser son hôte et la persistance environnementale est vraisemblablement à l’origine de la grande diversité structurale observée pour l’antigène O dans cette espèce. En contexte pathologique, nous avons montré que les espèces associées à l’huître sont en grande majorité cytotoxiques pour les cellules immunitaires de leur hôte, et ce, quel que soit l’environnement considéré (Atlantique, Méditerranée). Cette cytotoxicité est un déterminant clé de l’échappement aux puissantes défenses cellulaires de l’huître et du succès infectieux. Nous avons observé que les bases moléculaires de la cytotoxicité sont spécifiques à chaque espèce de Vibrio étudiée. Enfin, au-delà des agents pathogènes opportunistes qui utilisent la cytotoxicité (V. tasmaniensis, V. crassostreae, V. splendidus, V. harveyi), nous avons identifié de simples opportunistes, comme V. rotiferianus, qui non seulement bénéficient de l'activité immunosuppressive des autres agents pathogènes mais également adoptent des stratégies d'acquisition non coopérative de biens publics, tels que les sidérophores produits par la communauté microbienne hébergée par leur hôteBacteria of the genus Vibrio are ubiquitous in aquatic environments. They adopt free and associated lifestyles. They establish mutualistic, commensal and parasitic symbioses with numerous metazoa. In the healthy Crassostrea gigas oyster, an abundant and diverse microbiota that includes many Vibrio is maintained under immune homeostasis. However, under the influence of biotic or abiotic stressors a dysbiosis is created favoring the proliferation of opportunistic Vibrio species, which can induce the death of oysters. This occurs during the Pacific Oyster Mortality Syndrome (POMS), which is caused by an immunosuppressive virus, OsHV-1 µvar. We have here characterized the Vibrio / C. gigas interactions in health and disease. We show that in populations of V. splendidus associated with healthy oysters, virulence and colonization capacity can be constrained by the selection of O-antigen structures that are more easily recognized by the host immune system but which confer resistance to grazing by marine amoebae. This trade-off between the ability to colonize its host and environmental persistence is likely the cause of the great structural diversity observed for the O-antigen in this species. In a pathological context, we have shown that the species associated with the oyster are for the most part cytotoxic for the immune cells of their host, regardless of the environment considered (Atlantic, Mediterranean). This cytotoxicity is a key determinant of the escape from the oyster's powerful cellular defenses and determines the infectious success. We observed that the molecular bases of cytotoxicity are specific to each Vibrio species studied. Finally, beyond opportunistic pathogens that use cytotoxicity (V. tasmaniensis, V. crassostreae, V. splendidus, V. harveyi), we have identified simple opportunists, such as V. rotiferianus, which not only benefit from the immunosuppressive activity of other pathogens but also adopt strategies of non-cooperative acquisition of public goods, such as siderophores produced by the microbial community hosted by their host

A semiempirical approach to the intra-phycocyanin and inter-phycocyanin fluorescence resonance energy-transfer pathways in phycobilisomes.

A semiempirical methodology to model the intra-phycocyanin and inter-phycocyanin fluorescence resonance energy-transfer (FRET) pathways in the rods of the phycobilisomes (PBSs) from Fremyella diplosiphon is presented. Using the Forster formulation of FRET and combining experimental data and PM3 calculation of the dipole moments of the aromatic portions of the chromophores, transfer constants between pairs of chromophores in the phycocyanin (PC) structure were obtained. Protein docking of two PC hexamers was used to predict the optimal distance and axial rotation angle for the staked PCs in the PBSs' rods. Using the distance obtained by the docking process, transfer constants between pairs of chromophores belonging to different PC hexamers were calculated as a function of the angle of rotation. We show that six preferential FRET pathways within the PC hexameric ring and 15 pathways between hexamers exist, with transfer constants consistent with experimental results. Protein docking predicted the quaternary structure for PCs in rods with inter-phycocyanin distance of 55.6 A and rotation angle of 20.5 degrees . The inter-phycocyanin FRET constant between chromophores at positions beta(155) is maximized at the rotation angle predicted by docking revealing the crucial role of this specific inter-phycocyanin channel in defining the complete set of FRET pathways in the system

Vibrio–bivalve interactions in health and disease

none7In the marine environment, bivalve mollusks constitute habitats for bacteria of the Vibrionaceae family. Vibrios belong to the microbiota of healthy oysters and mussels, which have the ability to concentrate bacteria in their tissues and body fluids, including the hemolymph. Remarkably, these important aquaculture species respond differently to infectious diseases. While oysters are the subject of recurrent mass mortalities at different life stages, mussels appear rather resistant to infections. Thus, Vibrio species are associated with the main diseases affecting the worldwide oyster production. Here, we review the current knowledge on Vibrio–bivalve interaction in oysters (Crassostrea sp.) and mussels (Mytilus sp.). We discuss the transient versus stable associations of vibrios with their bivalve hosts as well as technical issues limiting the monitoring of these bacteria in bivalve health and disease. Based on the current knowledge of oyster/mussel immunity and their interactions with Vibrio species pathogenic for oyster, we discuss how differences in immune effectors could contribute to the higher resistance of mussels to infections. Finally, we review the multiple strategies evolved by pathogenic vibrios to circumvent the potent immune defences of bivalves and how key virulence mechanisms could have been positively or negatively selected in the marine environment through interactions with predators.mixedDestoumieux-Garzon D.; Canesi L.; Oyanedel D.; Travers M.-A.; Charriere G.M.; Pruzzo C.; Vezzulli L.Destoumieux-Garzon, D.; Canesi, L.; Oyanedel, D.; Travers, M. -A.; Charriere, G. M.; Pruzzo, C.; Vezzulli, L

The structure at 2 A resolution of Phycocyanin from Gracilaria chilensis and the energy transfer network in a PC-PC complex.

Phycocyanin is a phycobiliprotein involved in light harvesting and conduction of light to the reaction centers in cyanobacteria and red algae. The structure of C-phycocyanin from Gracilaria chilensis was solved by X-ray crystallography at 2.0 A resolution in space group P2(1). An interaction model between two PC heterohexamers was built, followed by molecular dynamic refinement. The best model showed an inter-hexamer rotation of 23 degrees . The coordinates of a PC heterohexamer (alphabeta)(6) and of the PC-PC complex were used to perform energy transfer calculations between chromophores pairs using the fluorescence resonance energy transfer approach (FRET). Two main intra PC ((I)beta(3)(82)-->(I)alpha(1)(84)-->(I)alpha(5)(84)-->(I)beta(6)(82) and (I)beta(3)(153)-->(I)beta(5)(153)) and two main inter PC ((I)beta(6)(82)-->(II)beta(3)(82) and (I)beta(5)(153)-->(II)beta(3)(153)) pathways were proposed based on the values of the energy transfer constants calculated for all the chromophore pairs in the hexamer and in the complex

Resistance of Argopecten purpuratus scallop larvae to vibriosis is associated with the front-loading of immune genes and enhanced antimicrobial response

Mass mortality events caused by vibriosis have emerged in hatchery-reared scallop larvae from Chile, threatening scallop aquaculture. In an attempt to mitigate this emerging infectious disease and provide candidates for marker-assisted selective breeding, we tested here the existence of a genetic component of Argopecten purpuratus scallop resistance to the pathogen Vibrio bivalvicida. Through a dual RNA-seq approach we analyzed the basal transcriptome and the transcriptional response to infection in two resistant and two susceptible families as well as the pathogen transcriptomic response to host colonization. The results highlighted a genetic basis in the resistance of scallop larvae to the pathogen. The Vibrio response was characterized by a general metabolic adaptation to the host environment, along with several predicted virulence factors overexpressed in infected scallop larvae with no difference between resistant and susceptible host phenotypes. On the host side, several biological processes were enriched in uninfected resistant larvae. Within these enriched categories, immune-related processes were overexpressed, while morphogenesis, biomineral tissue development, and angiogenesis were under expressed. Particularly, genes involved in immune recognition and antimicrobial response, such as lipopolysaccharide-binding proteins (LBPs), lysozyme, and bactericidal permeability-increasing protein (BPI) were overexpressed in uninfected resistant larvae. As expected, immune-related biological processes were enriched in Vibrio-infected larvae, but they were more numerous in resistant larvae. Overexpressed immune genes in response to infection included several Toll-like receptors, TNF and NF-κB immune signaling genes, and the antimicrobial peptide Big defensin ApBD1. Results strongly suggest that both a front-loading of immune genes and an enhanced antimicrobial response to infection contribute to the resistance, while pathogen infective strategy does not discriminate between host phenotypes. Overall, early expression of host immune genes appears as a strong determinant of the disease outcome that could be used in marker-assisted selective breeding

Vibrio splendidus O-antigen structure: A trade-off between virulence to oysters and resistance to grazers

A major debate in evolutionary biology is whether virulence is maintained as an adaptive trait and/or evolves to non‐virulence. In the environment, virulence traits of non‐obligatory parasites are subjected to diverse selective pressures and trade‐offs. Here we focus on a population of Vibrio splendidus that displays moderate virulence for oysters. A MARTX (Multifunctional‐autoprocessing repeats‐in‐toxin) and a type‐six secretion system (T6SS) were found to be necessary for virulence toward oysters, while a region (wbe) involved in O‐antigen synthesis is necessary for resistance to predation against amoebae. Gene inactivation within the wbe region had major consequences on the O‐antigen structure, conferring lower immunogenicity, competitive advantage and increased virulence in oyster experimental infections. Therefore, O‐antigen structures that favor resistance to environmental predators result in an increased activation of the oyster immune system and a reduced virulence in that host. These trade‐offs likely contribute to maintaining O‐antigen diversity in the marine environment by favoring genomic plasticity of the wbe region. The results of this study indicate an evolution of V. splendidus toward moderate virulence as a compromise between fitness in the oyster as a host, and resistance to its predators in the environment