Codiffused Bifacial n-type Solar Cells (CoBiN)

AbstractWe present codiffused bifacial n-type (CoBiN) solar cells on 156 mm Czochralski grown (Cz) Si wafers with peak efficiencies of 19.6 % fabricated using a lean industrial process. Simultaneous diffusion of phosphorus back surface field (BSF) and boron emitter in one single tube furnace process, the so called codiffusion, leads to a significant process simplification. Manipulation of the borosilicate glass (BSG) layer, deposited by atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition (APCVD) prior to the POCl3 based codiffusion process, allows for emitter profile tuning, without influencing the phosphorus doped BSF. Analytical simulations concerning the BSF identify the dark saturation current density of the passivated part of the BSF J0pass, BSF as the parameter that allows for maximum improvement of cell efficiency

Chimpanzee face recognition from videos in the wild using deep learning

Video recording is now ubiquitous in the study of animal behavior, but its analysis on a large scale is prohibited by the time and resources needed to manually process large volumes of data. We present a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) approach that provides a fully automated pipeline for face detection, tracking, and recognition of wild chimpanzees from long-term video records. In a 14-year dataset yielding 10 million face images from 23 individuals over 50 hours of footage, we obtained an overall accuracy of 92.5% for identity recognition and 96.2% for sex recognition. Using the identified faces, we generated co-occurrence matrices to trace changes in the social network structure of an aging population. The tools we developed enable easy processing and annotation of video datasets, including those from other species. Such automated analysis unveils the future potential of large-scale longitudinal video archives to address fundamental questions in behavior and conservation.Agência financiadora Número do subsídio Engineering & Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) EP/M013774/1 Cooperative Research Program of Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University Google Clarendon Fund Boise Trust Fund Wolfson College, University of Oxford Leverhulme Trust PLP-2016-114 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT) Japan Society for the Promotion of Science 16H06283 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT) Japan Society for the Promotion of Science LGP-U04info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Automated face recognition using deep neural networks produces robust primate social networks and sociality measures

Longitudinal video archives of behaviour are crucial for examining how sociality shifts over the lifespan in wild animals. New approaches adopting computer vision technology hold serious potential to capture interactions and associations between individuals in video at large scale; however, such approaches need a priori validation, as methods of sampling and defining edges for social networks can substantially impact results.Here, we apply a deep learning face recognition model to generate association networks of wild chimpanzees using 17 years of a video archive from Bossou, Guinea. Using 7 million detections from 100 h of video footage, we examined how varying the size of fixed temporal windows (i.e. aggregation rates) for defining edges impact individual-level gregariousness scores.The highest and lowest aggregation rates produced divergent values, indicating that different rates of aggregation capture different association patterns. To avoid any potential bias from false positives and negatives from automated detection, an intermediate aggregation rate should be used to reduce error across multiple variables. Individual-level network-derived traits were highly repeatable, indicating strong inter-individual variation in association patterns across years and highlighting the reliability of the method to capture consistent individual-level patterns of sociality over time. We found no reliable effects of age and sex on social behaviour and despite a significant drop in population size over the study period, individual estimates of gregariousness remained stable over time.We believe that our automated framework will be of broad utility to ethology and conservation, enabling the investigation of animal social behaviour from video footage at large scale, low cost and high reproducibility. We explore the implications of our findings for understanding variation in sociality patterns in wild ape populations. Furthermore, we examine the trade-offs involved in using face recognition technology to generate social networks and sociality measures. Finally, we outline the steps for the broader deployment of this technology for analysis of large-scale datasets in ecology and evolution.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Obsah živín a profil mastných kyselín v rôznych druhoch olejnín

The aim of this study was to determine nutrients content of 4 oilseeds (sunflower, soybean, flaxseed and rapessed) and fatty acid profile of oils obtained from the seeds. Dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), nitrogen free extract (NFE) and fat content of the seeds were determined by standard laboratory methods and procedures. Significant (P<0.05) differences in composition of all the analyzed seeds were found. Fatty acid profile analysis was performed using the Agilent 6890 A GC machine. The analyzed oils mainly composed of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), with the exception of rapeseed oil which primarily contained monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA). Flaxseed oil has significantly (P<0.05) proven to be the richest in PUFA content (76.46%), but on the other hand it contained the least amount of MUFA (13.47%). The saturated fatty acid (SFA) content, except for soybean oil, was below 10%. The most optimal ratio between n-6 and n-3 unsaturated fatty acids (USFA) was found in rapeseed oil (2.22:1). From the fatty acid profile of analyzed oils significant (P<0.05) differences in the content of palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, arachidic, eicosenoic, behenic and lignoceric acids were detected.Cieľom práce bolo analyzovať obsah živín rôznych semien olejnín (slnečnicových, sójových, ľanových a repkových) a profil mastných kyselín rastlinných olejov získaných z týchto semien. Analýza obsahu sledovaných živín v semenách olejnín (sušina, dusíkaté látky, bezdusíkaté látky výťažkové a tuk) bola vykonaná prostredníctvom štandardných laboratórnych metód a postupov. Zistili sa preukazné (P<0.05) rozdiely v zložení všetkých analyzovaných semien. Analýza profilu mastných kyselín bola vykonaná pomocou zariadenia Agilent 6890 A GC. Analyzované oleje pozostávali hlavne z polynenasýtených mastných kyselín (PUFA), s výnimkou repkového oleja, ktorý obsahoval najmä mononenasýtené mastné kyseliny (MUFA). Ľanový olej bol preukazne (P<0.05) najbohatší na obsah PUFA (76.46%), ale na druhej strane obsahoval najmenšie množstvo MUFA (13.47%). Obsah nasýtených mastných kyselín (SFA), s výnimkou sójového oleja, bol nižší ako 10%. Najoptimálnejší pomer medzi n-6 a n-3 nenasýtenými mastnými kyselinami (USFA) sa zistil v repkovom oleji (2.22:1). V profile mastných kyselín analyzovaných olejov sa zistili preukazné (P<0,05) rozdiely v obsahu kyseliny palmitovej, steárovej, olejovej, linolovej, arachidónovej, eikosaénovej, behénovej a lignocerovej

Quantum kinetics and thermalization in an exactly solvable model

We study the dynamics of relaxation and thermalization in an exactly solvable model with the goal of understanding the effects of off-shell processes. The focus is to compare the exact evolution of the distribution function with different approximations to the relaxational dynamics: Boltzmann, non-Markovian and Markovian quantum kinetics. The time evolution of the distribution function is evaluated exactly using two methods: time evolution of an initially prepared density matrix and by solving the Heisenberg equations of motion. There are two different cases that are studied in detail: i) no stable particle states below threshold of the bath and a quasiparticle resonance above it and ii) a stable discrete exact `particle' state below threshold. For the case of quasiparticles in the continuum (resonances) the exact quasiparticle distribution asymptotically tends to a statistical equilibrium distribution that differs from a simple Bose-Einstein form as a result of off-shell processes. In the case ii), the distribution of particles does not thermalize with the bath. We study the kinetics of thermalization and relaxation by deriving a non-Markovian quantum kinetic equation which resums the perturbative series and includes off-shell effects. A Markovian approximation that includes off-shell contributions and the usual Boltzmann equation are obtained from the quantum kinetic equation in the limit of wide separation of time scales upon different coarse-graining assumptions. The relaxational dynamics predicted by the non-Markovian, Markovian and Boltzmann approximations are compared to the exact result of the model. The Boltzmann approach is seen to fail in the case of wide resonances and when threshold and renormalization effects are important.Comment: 49 pages, LaTex, 17 figures (16 eps figures

Laser Wake Field Collider

Recently NAno-Plasmonic, Laser Inertial Fusion Experiments (NAPLIFE) were proposed, as an improved way to achieve laser driven fusion. The improvement is the combination of two basic research discoveries: (i) the possibility of detonations on space-time hyper-surfaces with time-like normal (i.e. simultaneous detonation in a whole volume) and (ii) to increase this volume to the whole target, by regulating the laser light absorption using nanoshells or nanorods as antennas. These principles can be realized in a one dimensional configuration, in the simplest way with two opposing laser beams as in particle colliders. Such, opposing laser beam experiments were also performed recently. Here we study the consequences of the Laser Wake Field Acceleration (LWFA) if we experience it in a colliding laser beam set-up. These studies can be applied to laser driven fusion, but also to other rapid phase transition, combustion, or ignition studies in other materials.publishedVersio

The influence of addition of Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus brevis on the fermentation quality of silages from permanent grassland

Cieľom experimentu bolo zistiť vplyv prídavku Lactobacillus plantarum a Lactobacillus brevis na kvalitu fermentačného procesu siláží z trvalých trávnych porastov po 12 mesiacoch uskladnenia v silážnych vakoch. Vo fytomase trvalého trávneho porastu predstavoval podiel tráv 86% (s prevahou Arrhenatherum elatius), bylín 13% a ďatelinovín (1%). Experiment pozostával z dvoch variantov: variant C (kontrola - bez aditíva) a variant A s prídavkom biologického aditíva. V pokusnom variante A sa aplikoval biologický prípravok (Lactobacillus plantarum a Lactobacillus brevis 2*105 KTJ (kolónií tvoriacich jednotky)*g-1) na uvädnutú trávnu hmotu v dávke 1 liter na tonu. Silážovaná hmota sa pomocou lisu uskladnila do silážnych vakov s priemerom 2,7 m (jeden vak s hmotou bez aditíva - variant C a druhý vak s prídavkom aditíva -variant A). Po 12 mesiacoch uskladnenia sa odobrali priemerné vzorky siláží pre stanovenie parametrov fermentačného procesu. Aplikácia mikrobiálneho aditíva na báze homo a heterofermentatívnych baktérií mliečneho kvasenia (Lactobacillus plantarum a Lactobacillus brevis) ovplyvnila kvalitu siláží z trvalých trávnych porastov po 12 mesiacoch uskladnenia štatisticky preukazne nižším obsahom kyseliny octovej, maslovej, alkoholov, stupňom proteolýzy a nižšou hodnotou pH. Výsledky potvrdili, že prídavok Lactobacillus plantarum a Lactobacillus brevis pozitívne ovplyvnil kvalitu fermentačného procesu siláží z trvalých trávnych porastov.The aim of the experiment was to determine the influence of the addition of Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus brevis on the quality of the fermentation process of silage from the permanent grassland after 12 months of storage in silage bags. In the phytomas of the permanent grassland the proportion of grass was 86% (with the prevalence of Arrhenatherum elatius), herbs 13% and leguminous 1%. The experiment consisted of two variants: variant C (control-without additive) and variant A with the addition of additive. In experimental variant A, biological additive consisting of Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus brevis 2*105 CFU (colony forming units)*g-1 was applied on wilted grass matter at a rate of 1 liter per ton. The silage matter was stored with a press in silo bags with a diameter of 2.7 m (first bag without additive - variant C and second bag with additive - variant A). After 12 months of storage, average samples of silages were taken to determine the parameters of fermentation process. Application of biological additive based on homofermentative and heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus brevis) influenced the quality of the silages from permanent grassland after 12 months of storage with statistically lower acetic and butyric acid content, alcohols, degree of proteolysis and lower pH value. The results confirmed, that the addition Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus brevis had positive influence on the quality of the fermentation process of silage from the permanent grassland

The influence of addition of Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus brevis on the fermentation quality of silages from permanent grassland

Cieľom experimentu bolo zistiť vplyv prídavku Lactobacillus plantarum a Lactobacillus brevis na kvalitu fermentačného procesu siláží z trvalých trávnych porastov po 12 mesiacoch uskladnenia v silážnych vakoch. Vo fytomase trvalého trávneho porastu predstavoval podiel tráv 86% (s prevahou Arrhenatherum elatius), bylín 13% a ďatelinovín (1%). Experiment pozostával z dvoch variantov: variant C (kontrola - bez aditíva) a variant A s prídavkom biologického aditíva. V pokusnom variante A sa aplikoval biologický prípravok (Lactobacillus plantarum a Lactobacillus brevis 2*105 KTJ (kolónií tvoriacich jednotky)*g-1) na uvädnutú trávnu hmotu v dávke 1 liter na tonu. Silážovaná hmota sa pomocou lisu uskladnila do silážnych vakov s priemerom 2,7 m (jeden vak s hmotou bez aditíva - variant C a druhý vak s prídavkom aditíva -variant A). Po 12 mesiacoch uskladnenia sa odobrali priemerné vzorky siláží pre stanovenie parametrov fermentačného procesu. Aplikácia mikrobiálneho aditíva na báze homo a heterofermentatívnych baktérií mliečneho kvasenia (Lactobacillus plantarum a Lactobacillus brevis) ovplyvnila kvalitu siláží z trvalých trávnych porastov po 12 mesiacoch uskladnenia štatisticky preukazne nižším obsahom kyseliny octovej, maslovej, alkoholov, stupňom proteolýzy a nižšou hodnotou pH. Výsledky potvrdili, že prídavok Lactobacillus plantarum a Lactobacillus brevis pozitívne ovplyvnil kvalitu fermentačného procesu siláží z trvalých trávnych porastov.The aim of the experiment was to determine the influence of the addition of Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus brevis on the quality of the fermentation process of silage from the permanent grassland after 12 months of storage in silage bags. In the phytomas of the permanent grassland the proportion of grass was 86% (with the prevalence of Arrhenatherum elatius), herbs 13% and leguminous 1%. The experiment consisted of two variants: variant C (control-without additive) and variant A with the addition of additive. In experimental variant A, biological additive consisting of Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus brevis 2*105 CFU (colony forming units)*g-1 was applied on wilted grass matter at a rate of 1 liter per ton. The silage matter was stored with a press in silo bags with a diameter of 2.7 m (first bag without additive - variant C and second bag with additive - variant A). After 12 months of storage, average samples of silages were taken to determine the parameters of fermentation process. Application of biological additive based on homofermentative and heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus brevis) influenced the quality of the silages from permanent grassland after 12 months of storage with statistically lower acetic and butyric acid content, alcohols, degree of proteolysis and lower pH value. The results confirmed, that the addition Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus brevis had positive influence on the quality of the fermentation process of silage from the permanent grassland

Carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen stable isotopes in modern tooth enamel: A case study from Gorongosa National Park, central Mozambique

The analyses of the stable isotope ratios of carbon (delta C-13), nitrogen (delta N-15), and oxygen (delta O-18) in animal tissues are powerful tools for reconstructing the feeding behavior of individual animals and characterizing trophic interactions in food webs. Of these biomaterials, tooth enamel is the hardest, most mineralized vertebrate tissue and therefore least likely to be affected by chemical alteration (i.e., its isotopic composition can be preserved over millions of years), making it an important and widely available archive for biologists and paleontologists. Here, we present the first combined measurements of delta C-13, delta N-15, and delta O-18 in enamel from the teeth of modern fauna (herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores) from the well-studied ecosystem of Gorongosa National Park (GNP) in central Mozambique. We use two novel methods to produce high-precision stable isotope enamel data: (i) the "oxidation-denitrification method," which permits the measurement of mineral-bound organic nitrogen in tooth enamel (delta N-15(enamel)), which until now, has not been possible due to enamel's low organic content, and (ii) the "cold trap method," which greatly reduces the sample size required for traditional measurements of inorganic delta C-13(enamel) and delta O-18(enamel) (from >= 0.5 to <= 0.1 mg), permitting analysis of small or valuable teeth and high-resolution serial sampling of enamel. The stable isotope results for GNP fauna reveal important ecological information about the trophic level, dietary niche, and resource consumption. delta N-15(enamel) values clearly differentiate trophic level (i.e., carnivore delta N-15(enamel) values are 4.0 parts per thousand higher, on average, than herbivores), delta C-13(enamel) values distinguish C-3 and/or C-4 biomass consumption, and delta O-18(enamel) values reflect local meteoric water (delta O-18(water)) in the park. Analysis of combined carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen stable isotope data permits geochemical separation of grazers, browsers, omnivores, and carnivores according to their isotopic niche, while mixed-feeding herbivores cannot be clearly distinguished from other dietary groups. These results confirm that combined C, N, and O isotope analyses of a single aliquot of tooth enamel can be used to reconstruct diet and trophic niches. Given its resistance to chemical alteration, the analysis of these three isotopes in tooth enamel has a high potential to open new avenues of research in (paleo)ecology and paleontology.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio