Persuasive Communication Pattern of Public Service Announcement, A Highlight of Cancer Education by Indonesia Government in Television

As one of a non-communicable disease, cancer has become threatening disease for many people in the world. In Indonesia, the prevalence of this disease is increasing from year to year. To reduce the number of cancer patients, Indonesian Government through Ministry of Health has variety of efforts, including communicate to people about the important of having healthy lifestyle so that cancer can be prevented. Communication through education about cancer and healthy lifestyle conducts by several mediums and one of these is through Public Service Announcement (PSA) on television. PSA is needed to raise awareness about cancer among people and give them understanding about how to prevent cancer by implementing a certain lifestyle. It takes proper persuasive communication so that the PSA can perform its function to influence people to change their behavior in a positive way. This persuasive effort becomes interesting to be studied considering persuasive communication is related to various aspects, such as attitude, behavior and knowledge of target audience. In the context of cancer education, persuasive communication is needed to convince people to be more concerned about cancer by implementing a healthy lifestyle so that cancer can be prevented. This study aims to find a pattern of persuasive communication about cancer education in PSA to support behavior change in society. The research was conducted in Cirendeu, Ciputat. Data survey was obtained from the students of the University of Muhammadiyah Jakarta and advertising practitioner who became informants. The research method used is qualitative descriptive, through data collection procedure of FGD and in-depth interview. The data is analyzed qualitatively which is then interpreted and presented in the form of a description or narrative followed by conducted theoretical interpretation to give meaning to the result of the research that has been done. Result of this study was indicate that communication pattern of PSA about cancer education refers to these three important things; first, endorsers, second, message execution approach such as animation, and third longer duration for presenting more detail information. First, informants prefer endorsers who are considered close and familiar with their daily lives. They also had trust with medical workers to endorse cancer prevention. Second, animated version is considered a fairly appealing advertisement message that is easy to understand, keep in mind and able to provide solutions for cancer prevention. The unique, local animal character like “Kancil” brought PSA into energetic and passionate message to the informants. Third, the informants preferred longer version of the PSA since it was more persuasive and detailed for the information

INDIVIDUAL AND GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION IN LIFE HISTORY TRADEOFFS IN TREE SWALLOWS AND EUROPEAN STARLINGS

This work investigated individual and geographic variation in life history tradeoffs in tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) and European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) by examining how breeding females make tradeoffs between current and future reproduction. In tree swallows, timing of breeding is a strong predictor of reproductive success, with early laying birds tending to have higher fitness than do later laying birds. Experimental manipulation of offspring numbers in Ithaca, NY, revealed that later-laying females raising enlarged broods showed significantly decreased cell-mediated immune responses to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and humoral responses to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) relative to higher-quality females. Nestlings in enlarged broods grew at slightly slower rates, but otherwise nestlings did not differ in offspring quality among groups, suggesting tree swallows are willing to trade immune self-maintenance for offspring quality. The short-term stress of raising enlarged broods had long-term consequences. Females raising enlarged broods in year 1 mounted weaker secondary antibody responses to SRBC than did control females. Most importantly, females in year 2 that showed stronger secondary responses were more likely to return to breed for a third year. A brood manipulation experiment was conducted at the extremes of the tree swallow range: Alaska and Tennessee. In Alaska, breeding females raising enlarged broods increased feeding effort, decreased immune responses and raised offspring in similar quality to unmanipulated broods. However, in Tennessee, females raising enlarged broods did not increase feeding effort and, consequently, did not show decreased immune function and raised lower quality offspring. Tennessee females returned to breed at higher rates than did Alaska females and maintained higher cell-mediated responses than did Alaska females, suggesting different resource allocation patterns. To investigate offspring quality in more detail, a study was conducted to examine factors affecting nestling immune response in European starlings breeding in New Zealand. A split-nest cross-fostering brood manipulation revealed that nestling immune response was influenced by female genetic quality (in part through spleen size), maternal effects (in part through temperature conditions), and parental resource allocation (through residual body mass). Overall, this research adds to our understanding of how individuals differ in the tradeoffs associated with reproduction and how these responses can lead to geographic differences in life histories

Experimental brood enlargement differentially influences the magnitude of the corticosterone stress response in closely related, co-occurring songbirds

1. Rearing environments can shape offspring phenotype across taxa, yet little is known about how brood size influences hypothalamic-pituitary axis functioning, whether its expression trades off with growth, and the degree to which these -relationships vary between species. 2. We evaluated how brood size influenced nestling physiological (glucocorticoids) and somatic traits (growth), and the extent to which their relationship differed between two closely related, sympatric songbirds when experiencing identical rearing environments. Specifically, we used a cross-fostering approach to alter brood size and create an experimental gradient of nestmate competition, and then tested whether experimentally manipulated brood sizes resulted in nestlings with altered concentrations of corticosterone and whether corticosterone responses traded off with growth. 3. Nestlings of both species experienced elevated concentrations of baseline and stressor-induced corticosterone when raised in enlarged broods, relative to control and reduced broods, but neither measurement was found to trade off with growth or be linked to survival to fledging. 4. In contrast, we found divergence in the magnitude of the corticosterone stress response between species across all brood treatments, with greater stressor-induced corticosterone concentrations found in the Violet-green Swallow (Tachycineta thalassina) relative to the closely related Tree Swallow (T. bicolor). 5. Our study demonstrated that brood size can lead to changes in offspring corticosterone concentrations in swallows and that nestlings of sympatric species, even those that are closely related and ecologically similar, can diverge in their corticosterone stress response when experiencing identical rearing conditions. 6. We conclude that corticosterone appears to play a key role for balancing energetic demands that arise in the face of nestmate competition in Tachycineta swallows and that elevated concentrations of corticosterone may enhance offspring survival during challenging environmental conditions, such as when brood competition is strong

The impact of personality, morphotype and shore height on temperature-mediated behavioural responses in the beadlet anemone<i>Actinia equina</i>

Between-individual variation in behavioural phenotype, termed personality, is an important determinant of how populations cope with acute environmental fluctuation related to climate change. Personality in the beadlet sea anemone Actinia equina is linked to genetically distinct morphotypes, which are associated with different heights on the shore. In the intertidal zone, high-shore environments experience more environmental fluctuation due to longer periods of exposure, and animals adapted to live in these environments are predicted to deal more effectively with environmental perturbation than their low-shore counterparts. We collected beadlet anemones of two different morphotypes from three different shore heights. We investigated variation in two behaviours at three different temperatures and in a temporal control treatment where the temperature was not changed: startle response time, the time it took an anemone to re-extend its tentacles after a threatening stimulus, and immersion response time, the time to re-extend tentacles after simulated tidal immersion. These behaviours reflect risk-taking and allow individuals to be categorized as bold, shy or intermediate based upon response times. Both behaviours showed significant changes as the temperature increased. For immersion response, the morphotype associated with the low-shore-lengthened response times at high temperatures. For startle response, all animals lengthened their response times at high temperatures but animals collected from the low-shore lengthened theirs to the greatest degree. At the individual level, although control individuals exhibited temporal changes in their response times, a clear effect of temperature was present in both behaviours. Shy and bold individuals became more intermediate at higher temperatures in immersion response (this effect was present to a lesser degree in control individuals), while intermediate individuals raised their response times at higher temperatures for startle response. Given that prolonged tentacle retraction reduces foraging opportunities and can negatively impact respiratory efficiency, our data suggest that some individuals within a single population of A. equina, particularly those associated with the lower shore, may exhibit less effective behavioural responses to temperature shifts than others. These findings demonstrate that acute temperature changes influence risk-taking, and could have profound short and long-term implications for survival in the face of climate change

Full lifetime perspectives on the costs and benefits of lay date variation in tree swallows

Animals must balance various costs and benefits when deciding when to breed. The costs and benefits of breeding at different times have received much attention, but most studies have been limited to investigating short-term season-to-season fitness effects. However, breeding early, versus late, in a season may influence lifetime fitness over many years, trading off in complex ways across the breeder?s lifepan. In this study, we examined the complete life histories of 867 female tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) breeding in Ithaca, New York, between 2002 and 2016. Earlier breeders outperformed later breeders in short-term measures of reproductive output and offspring quality. Though there were weak indications that females paid long-term future survival costs for breeding early, lifetime fledgling output was markedly higher overall in early-breeding birds. Importantly, older females breeding later in the season did not experience compensating life-history advantages that suggested an alternative equal-fitness breeding strategy. Rather, most or all of the swallows appear to be breeding as early as they can, and differences in lay dates appear to be determined primarily by differences in individual quality or condition. Lay date had a significant repeatability across breeding attempts by the same female, and the first lay date of females fledged in our population was strongly influenced by the first lay date of their mothers, indicating the potential for ongoing selection on lay date. By examining performance over the entire lifespan of a large number of individuals, we were able to clarify the relationship between timing of breeding and fitness and gain new insight into the sources of variability in this important life history trait.Fil: Winkler, David Ward. Cornell University; Estados UnidosFil: Hallinger, Kelly K.. Cornell University; Estados UnidosFil: Pegan, Teresa M.. University of Michigan; Estados UnidosFil: Taff, Conor C.. Cornell University; Estados UnidosFil: Verhoeven, Mo A.. University of Groningen; Países BajosFil: Van Oordt, David Chang. Cornell University; Estados UnidosFil: Stager, Maria. University of Montana; Estados UnidosFil: Uehling, Jennifer J.. Cornell University; Estados UnidosFil: Vitousek, Maren N.. Cornell University; Estados UnidosFil: Andersen, Michael J.. University of New Mexico; Estados UnidosFil: Ardia, Daniel R.. Franklin & Marshall College; Estados UnidosFil: Belmaker, Amos. Tel Aviv University; IsraelFil: Ferretti, Valentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Forsman, Anna M.. University Of Central Florida; Estados UnidosFil: Gaul, Jennifer R.. International High School at La Guardia Community College; Estados UnidosFil: Llambias, Paulo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas. Provincia de Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas; ArgentinaFil: Orzechowski, Sophia C.. Harvard University; Estados UnidosFil: Shipley, Ryan. Max Planck Institute For Animal Behavior; AlemaniaFil: Wilson, Maya. Virginia Polytechnic Institute. Department Of Geological Sciences; Estados UnidosFil: Yoon, Hyun Seok. University of Tennessee; Estados Unido

Adjunctive volasertib in patients with acute myeloid leukemia not eligible for standard induction therapy: a randomized, phase 3 trial

In this phase 3 trial, older patients with acute myeloid leukemia ineligible for intensive chemotherapy were randomized 2:1 to receive the polo-like kinase inhibitor, volasertib (V; 350 mg intravenous on days 1 and 15 in 4-wk cycles), combined with low-dose cytarabine (LDAC; 20 mg subcutaneous, twice daily, days 1–10; n = 444), or LDAC plus placebo (P; n = 222). Primary endpoint was objective response rate (ORR); key secondary endpoint was overall survival (OS). Primary ORR analysis at recruitment completion included patients randomized ≥5 months beforehand; ORR was 25.2% for V+LDAC and 16.8% for P+LDAC (n = 371; odds ratio 1.66 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.95–2.89]; P = 0.071). At final analysis (≥574 OS events), median OS was 5.6 months for V+LDAC and 6.5 months for P+LDAC (n = 666; hazard ratio 0.97 [95% CI, 0.8–1.2]; P = 0.757). The most common adverse events (AEs) were infections/infestations (grouped term; V+LDAC, 81.3%; P+LDAC, 63.5%) and febrile neutropenia (V+LDAC, 60.4%; P+LDAC, 29.3%). Fatal AEs occurred in 31.2% with V+LDAC versus 18.0% with P+LDAC, most commonly infections/infestations (V+LDAC, 17.1%; P+LDAC, 6.3%). Lack of OS benefit with V+LDAC versus P+LDAC may reflect increased early mortality with V+LDAC from myelosuppression and infections