Reparo de cerâmica com resina composta

Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências da Saúde. Programa de Pós-Graduação em OdontologiaA atual pesquisa objetivou encontrar a força de união ao cisalhamento do reparo de resina composta à cerâmica feldspática empregando três tratamentos de superfície com laser de Nd:YAG em comparação com quatro tratamentos convencionais. Três blocos de cerâmica para CAD/ CAM (IPS Empress CAD) foram cortados em 77 blocos menores com 2 mm de largura e 2 mm de profundidade. Estes foram incluídos em resina acrílica e as superfícies foram delimitadas com uma fita adesiva com um orifício central de 3 mm de diâmetro. Os tratamentos de superfície foram feitos de acordo com os seguintes Grupos (n=10): A - rugosidade com ponta diamantada mais ácido fosfórico; B - condicionamento com ácido hidrofluorídrico; C - jateamento com partículas de Al2O3 com 50 µm; D - jateamento com partículas de sílica com 30 µm; E - laser de Nd:YAG com pó de carbono; F - laser de Nd:YAG com pó de sílica; G - laser de Nd:YAG com pó de sílica mais condicionamento com ácido hidrofluorídrico. Silano (Monobond - S) seguido do adesivo (Tetric N-bond) foi aplicado após os tratamentos de superfície. O Grupo D recebeu um silano (ESPE-SIL) e um adesivo (Vision Bond) diferentes. As amostras foram reparadas com resina composta (Tetric N-ceram) usando uma matriz metálica. O adesivo Nbond foi fotopolimerizado por 10 segundos e o Vision Bond por 20 segundos. As camadas de resina composta foram fotopolimerizadas por 20 segundos. As amostras de cerâmica-resina foram estocadas em água destilada por 48 horas. Os espécimes foram então submetidos a força de cisalhamento por meio de uma máquina de ensaios universais - Instron. Após os testes, as amostras fraturadas foram armazenadas para posterior análise do modo de falha por microscopia óptica. Uma amostra de cada Grupo e uma amostra sem tratamento de superfície não receberam os procedimentos adesivos restauradores e foram empregados para análise morfológica por microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Os dados dos testes de cisalhamento foram submetidos à análise de variância - ANOVA, seguido pelo teste de Tukey. Os resultados mostraram que a força de união ao cisalhamento do Grupo B foi 16,59 MPa, significativamente mais alta do que os demais Grupos. Os tratamentos com laser evidenciaram as menores médias (Grupo E - 3,87; Grupo F - 4,39; Grupo G - 7,41 MPa). O Grupo A alcançou 7,89 MPa, estatisticamente similar aos Grupos com laser. Os Grupos C e D foram estatisticamente similares com 10,01 e 11,42 MPa, respectivamente. Os modos de falha relatados foram do tipo adesivo e misto. A análise morfológica revelou coerência com os dados de força de união coletados. Foi determinado que o condicionamento com ácido fluorídrico rendeu melhor força de união ao cisalhamento.The present research was reasoned in achieve the shear bond strength of a composite resin repair to a feldspathic ceramic using three Nd:YAG laser surface treatments in comparison with four conventional ways. Three ceramic blocks for CAD/CAM (IPS Empress® CAD) were cut in 77 smaller blocks with 2-mm width and 2-mm depth. Those blocks were included in acrylic resin and the surfaces were delimited with an adhesive tape with a hole of 3-mm diameter. The surface treatments were done in agreement with the following Groups (n=10): A - roughening with a diamond bur + phosphoric acid; B - etching with hydrofluoric acid; C - sandblasting with 50-ìm Al2O3; D - sandblasting with 30-ìm silica; E - Nd:YAG laser with carbon powder; F - Nd:YAG laser with 30-ìm silica; G - Nd:YAG laser with 30-ìm silica + etching with hydrofluoric acid. Silane (Monobond - S) followed by the adhesive (Tetric N-bond) was applied after the surface treatments. Group D received a different silane (ESPE-SIL) and adhesive (Vision Bond). The samples were repaired with composite resin (Tetric N-ceram) using a metal matrix. N-bond adhesive was lightpolymerized for 10 seconds and the Vision Bond for 20 seconds. Composite resin layers were lightpolymerized for 20 seconds. The ceramic-resin samples were stored in distilled water for 48 hours. The specimens were then subjected to a shear force via an Instron Machine. After testing, the fractured samples were stored for posterior analysis of the failure mode by optical microscopy. One sample of each Group and one more sample with no surface treatment did not receive the restorative procedures and were used for morphological analysis by scanning electron microscopy. The shear bond strength data was submitted to one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey test. The results showed that the shear bond strength to Group B was 16,59 MPa, significantly higher than those others Groups. The laser treatments showed the lowest averages (Group E - 3,87; Group F - 4,39; and Group G - 7,41 MPa). Group A reached 7,89 MPa, statistically similar to the laser Groups. Groups C and D were statistically similar with 10,01 and 11,42 MPa, respectively. The failure modes reported were adhesive and mixed. The morphological analysis were coherent with the bond strength data collected. It was determined that the etching with hydrofluoric acid yielded better shear bond strength

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Resistência de união de um sistema adesivo irradiado com laser Nd:YAG em dentina tratada com laser de Er:YAG

A proposta deste estudo foi avaliar por meio do teste de microtração a resistência de união de um sistema adesivo irradiado com laser de Nd:YAG em dentina preparada com laser de Er:YAG. Estudos prévios têm demonstrado que a irradiação com laser após a aplicação do sistema adesivo é eficiente em alcançar alta força de união à tensão e ao cisalhamento. O laser de Er:YAG (Twinlight, Fotona, Eslovênia) com fluência de 60 J/cm2 foi usado para o tratamento da dentina. A irradiação do adesivo foi realizada usando o laser de Nd:YAG (Twinlight, Fotona, Eslovênia) com fluência de 100 J/cm2. As restaurações foram executadas com Adper Single Bond 2/Z250 (3M/ESPE, EUA). Vinte terceiros molares recentemente extraídos e livres de cárie foram empregados. Os dentes foram divididos em quatro grupos experimentais (n = 5): (G1) grupo controle onde não houve irradiação; (G2) irradiação do sistema adesivo com laser de Nd:YAG; (G3) tratamento da dentina com laser de Er:YAG; (G4) tratamento da dentina com laser de Er:YAG mais irradiação do sistema adesivo com laser de Nd:YAG. Um dente de cada grupo foi preparado para avaliação da interface adesiva sob microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Adicionalmente foi realizada a análise do padrão de fraturas, resultante dos ensaios mecânicos, sob microscopia óptica digital. Os testes de microtração foram realizados em uma máquina de ensaios mecânicos com célula de carga de 1 kN a uma velocidade de 0,5 mm/min. A análise estatística (ANOVA e teste de Tukey), dos dados referentes aos ensaios mecânicos, evidenciaram diferença estatística significante entre os grupos G1 e G3, G1 e G4, G2 e G3, e G2 e G4 e semelhança entre os grupos G1 e G2, e G3 e G4. As fraturas adesivas foram predominantes em todos os grupos experimentais.The purpose of this study was to verify through micro tensile bond test the bond strength of an adhesive system irradiated with Nd:YAG laser in dentine treated with Er:YAG laser. Previous studies had shown that laser irradiation after the application of an adhesive system is efficient in achieving higher shear bond and tensile bond strength. Er:YAG laser (Twinlight, Fotona, Slovenia) with fluency of the 60 J/cm2 was used for the treatment of the dentine. The irradiation of the adhesive was performed using the Nd:YAG laser (Twinlight, Fotona, Slovenia) with the fluency of the 100 J/cm2. Dental restorations were performed with Adper Single Bond 2/Z250 (3m/ESPE, USA). Twenty caries free extracted human third molars were used. The teeth were divided in four experimental groups (n = 5): (G1) control group where there was no irradiation; (G2) irradiation of the adhesive system with the Nd:YAG laser; (G3) treatment of the dentin with Er:YAG laser; (G4) treatment of the dentin with Er:YAG laser plus irradiation of the adhesive system with Nd:YAG laser. One tooth of each group was prepared for evaluation of adhesive interface under scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In addition was performed an evaluation of the bond failures under digital optic microscopy. The micro tensile bond tests were performed in a MTS universal testing machine with 1 kN load cell at cross-head speed 0,5 mm/min. The statistical analysis (ANOVA and Tukey test) showed difference significant statistics between the groups G1 and G3, G1 and G4, G2 and G3, and G2 and G4; and similarity between the groups G1 and G2, and G3 and G4. The adhesive failures were predominant in all experimental groups.Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq

Changes on transmittance mode of different composite resins

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the transmittance of seven different composite resins. Ten specimens were prepared (10 mm diameter, 2 mm thickness) for each experimental group, as follows: G1- Charisma® A 2 (Heraeus-Kulzer); G2- Filtek™ Supreme A 2E (3M/ESPE); G3- Filtek™ Supreme A2B (3M/ESPE); G4-Filtek™ Supreme YT (3M/ESPE); G5- Esthet-X® A2 (Dentsply); G6- Esthet-X® YE (Dentsply); G7- Durafill® A 2 (Heraeus-Kulzer) and G8- Filtek™ Z-100 A2 (3M/ESPE). The transmittance mode was measured using a UV-visible spectrophotometer (Cary Instruments) at 400-760 nm. The specimens were evaluated at three different times: zero hour (initial), 24 hours and 10 days after immersion in artificial saliva. The differences in transmittance were determined by two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's test. The various composite resins showed significant differences in the wavelength dependence of transmittance. The mean values of transmittance increased significantly, with wavelengths increasing from 400 to 760 nm. The performance of the experimental groups was similar in terms of immersion time, considering that at time zero and after 10 days, all the groups showed similar results, which were statistically higher than the values obtained after 24 hours of immersion. The Filtek™ Supreme YT composite resin presented the highest mean transmittance values along the wavelengths at the three measured times. Esthet-X® YE and Durafill® yielded similar mean transmittance values, which were higher than those of the other groups. This study shows that the transmittance values of composite resins are directly related with the type, size and amount of inorganic filler particles