Methoden der Genauigkeitsanalyse historischer Karten

Die vorliegende Diplomarbeit beschäftigt sich sowohl theoretisch als auch empirisch mit den Methoden der Genauigkeitsanalyse historischer Karten. Anhand einer umfangreichen Literaturrecherche werden zunächst alle relevanten Verfahren der Lage- und Höhengenauigkeitsuntersuchung theoretisch erläutert. Die Dissertationen von BEINEKE [2001] und NIEDERÖST [2005] lieferten hierzu wesentliche Grundlagen. Mittels adäquater Methoden wird im Anschluss erstmals eine umfassende Genauigkeitsanalyse am Beispiel der Dritten Österreichischen Landesaufnahme (1869-1887) durchgeführt. Ihre Kartenwerke zählen zu den bedeutendsten des 19. Jahrhunderts. Die Untersuchung erfolgt beispielhaft an zwei ausgewählten Gradkartenblättern (Innsbruck und Lienz) im Maßstab 1:25.000, sowie an deren Reambulierungen. Als Referenzkartenwerk dient die aktuelle Landesaufnahme in Form der Österreichischen Karte 1:50.000 (ÖK50). Für die Lagegenauigkeitsanalyse wird die Open-Source-Software MapAnalyst eingesetzt. Die Analyse der Höhen-genauigkeit erfolgt mit Hilfe folgender Methoden: dem Vergleich kotierter Punkte und dem Vergleich digitaler Höhenmodelle. Die erzielten Ergebnisse zeugen schließlich von einer qualitativ hochwertigen Ingenieurleistung der damaligen österreichischen Militärkartographie.This thesis deals with the methods of the accuracy analysis of historical maps, both theoretically and empirically. In a first part, all major techniques of surveying the horizontal accuracy and the accuracy of elevation are explained theoretically on the basis of an extensive literature research. Essential foundations were provided by the dissertations of BEINEKE [2001] and NIEDERÖST [2005]. A comprehensive accuracy analysis is realized for the first time using the example of the third Austrian land survey (1869-1887) by applying adequate methods. The map series of the third Austrian land survey is generally known as one of the most outstanding of the 19th century. The study is carried out by means of two selected survey sheets (Innsbruck and Lienz) and their revisions representatively, which are both on a scale of 1:25.000. The Austrian map 1:50.000 (ÖK50) of the current land survey acts as the reference map series. The open source software MapAnalyst is employed for analysing the horizontal accuracy of the historical maps. The analysis of the accuracy of elevation is conducted by applying the following methods: the comparison of surveyed points as well as the comparison of digital elevation models. In conclusion the achieved results are evidence of a ‘high-quality’ engineer work by the former Austrian military cartography

Acute phase reactants add little to composite disease activity indices for rheumatoid arthritis: validation of a clinical activity score

INTRODUCTION: Frequent assessments of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) disease activity allow timely adaptation of therapy, which is essential in preventing disease progression. However, values of acute phase reactants (APRs) are needed to calculate current composite activity indices, such as the Disease Activity Score (DAS)28, the DAS28-CRP (i.e. the DAS28 using C-reactive protein instead of erythrocyte sedimentation rate) and the Simplified Disease Activity Index (SDAI). We hypothesized that APRs make limited contribution to the SDAI, and that an SDAI-modification eliminating APRs – termed the Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI; i.e. the sum of tender and swollen joint counts [28 joints] and patient and physician global assessments [in cm]) – would have comparable validity in clinical cohorts. METHOD: Data sources comprised an observational cohort of 767 RA patients (average disease duration 8.1 ± 10.6 years), and an independent inception cohort of 106 patients (disease duration 11.5 ± 12.5 weeks) who were followed prospectively. RESULTS: Our clinically based hypothesis was statistically supported: APRs accounted only for 15% of the DAS28, and for 5% of the SDAI and the DAS28-CRP. In both cohorts the CDAI correlated strongly with DAS28 (R = 0.89–0.90) and comparably to the correlation of SDAI with DAS28 (R = 0.90–0.91). In additional analyses, the CDAI when compared to the SDAI and the DAS28 agreed with a weighted kappa of 0.70 and 0.79, respectively, and comparably to the agreement between DAS28 and DAS28-CRP. All three scores correlated similarly with Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) scores (R = 0.45–0.47). The average changes in all scores were greater in patients with better American College of Rheumatology response (P < 0.0001, analysis of variance; discriminant validity). All scores exhibited similar correlations with radiological progression (construct validity) over 3 years (R = 0.54–0.58; P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: APRs add little information on top (and independent) of the combination of clinical variables included in the SDAI. A purely clinical score is a valid measure of disease activity and will have its greatest merits in clinical practice rather than research, where APRs are usually always available. The CDAI may facilitate immediate and consistent treatment decisions and help to improve patient outcomes in the longer term

How the World Changed Social Media

How the World Changed Social Media is the first book in Why We Post, a book series that investigates the findings of nine anthropologists who each spent 15 months living in communities across the world. This book offers a comparative analysis summarising the results of the research and exploring the impact of social media on politics and gender, education and commerce. What is the result of the increased emphasis on visual communication? Are we becoming more individual or more social? Why is public social media so conservative? Why does equality online fail to shift inequality offline? How did memes become the moral police of the internet? Supported by an introduction to the project’s academic framework and theoretical terms that help to account for the findings, the book argues that the only way to appreciate and understand something as intimate and ubiquitous as social media is to be immersed in the lives of the people who post. Only then can we discover how people all around the world have already transformed social media in such unexpected ways and assess the consequences.published_or_final_versio

Relaxed Negative Selection in Germinal Centers and Impaired Affinity Maturation in bcl-xL Transgenic Mice

The role of apoptosis in affinity maturation was investigated by determining the affinity of (4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl)acetyl (NP)-specific antibody-forming cells (AFCs) and serum antibody in transgenic mice that overexpress a suppressor of apoptosis, Bcl-xL, in the B cell compartment. Although transgenic animals briefly expressed higher numbers of splenic AFCs after immunization, the bcl-xL transgene did not increase the number or size of germinal centers (GCs), alter the levels of serum antibody, or change the frequency of NP-specific, long-lived AFCs. Nonetheless, the bcl-xL transgene product, in addition to endogenous Bcl-xL, reduced apoptosis in GC B cells and resulted in the expansion of B lymphocytes bearing VDJ rearrangements that are usually rare in primary anti-NP responses. Long-lived AFCs bearing these noncanonical rearrangements were frequent in the bone marrow and secreted immunoglobulin G1 antibodies with low affinity for NP. The abundance of noncanonical cells lowered the average affinity of long-lived AFCs and serum antibody, demonstrating that Bcl-xL and apoptosis influence clonal selection/maintenance for affinity maturation

दुनिया ने जैसे सामाजिक मीडिया को बदल दिया

दुनिया ने जैसे सामाजिक मीडिया को बदल दिया, हम क्यों पोस्ट करते हैं ग्रन्थ श्रृंखला का पहला ग्रन्थ है जो उन नौ मानवविज्ञानियों के निष्कर्षों पर जाँच करता है जिन्होंने दुनिया भर के समूहों में १५ महीने तक बिताया जिसमे शामिल है ब्राज़ील, चिली, चीन, इंग्लैंड, भारत, इटली, ट्रिनिडाड और टर्की. यह ग्रन्थ एक तुलनात्मक विश्लेषण को प्रदान करता है जो अनुसंधान के परिणाम को संक्षेप में प्रस्तुत करता है और राजनीति और लिंग, शिक्षा और व्यापार पर सामाजिक मीडिया के प्रभाव का पता लगाता है. दृश्य संचार पर बढ़ते हुए ज़ोर का परिणाम क्या है? क्या हम अधिक व्यक्तिगत या सामाजिक बनते हैं? क्यों सार्वजनिक सामाजिक मीडिया अधिक रूढ़िवादी होता है? क्यों ऑनलाइन समानता ऑफलाइन असमानता को बदलने में असफल होता है? कैसे मिमी इंटरनेट के नैतिक पुलिस बन गए? परियोजना के शैक्षिक ढाँचा और सैद्धांतिक शर्तों, जो निष्कर्षों के उत्तरदायी होने में मदद करते हैं, के परिचय से समर्थित होकर यह ग्रन्थ तर्क करता है कि सामाजिक मीडिया जैसे अन्तरंग और सर्वव्यापक वास्तु को समझने और मूल्यांकन करने का एक ही रास्ता पोस्ट करनेवाले लोगों के जीवन में तल्लीन होकर रहना है. तभी हम पता लगा सकते हैं कि दुनिया भर के लोगों ने जैसे सामाजिक मीडिया को अभी तक अप्रत्याशित तरीकों से बदल दिया हैं और उनके परिणाम पर आकलन कर सकते हैं

Malassezia pachydermatis Carriage in Dog Owners

Malassezia pachydermatis is commonly carried on the hands of dog owners and may cause disease in immunocompromised persons