CMOS SINGLE-PHOTON AVALANCHE DIODES AND MICROMACHINED OPTICAL FILTERS FOR INTEGRATED FLUORESCENCE SENSING

This dissertation presents a body of work that addresses the two most pressing challenges in the field of integrated fluorescence sensing, namely, the design of integrated optical sensors and the fabrication of high-rejection micro-scale optical filters. Two novel enabling technologies were introduced. They are: the perimeter-gated single-photon avalanche diode (PGSPAD), for on-chip photon counting, and the benzotriazole (BTA)-doped thin-film polymer filter, for on-chip ultraviolet light rejection. Experimental results revealed that the PGSPAD front-end, fabricated in a 0.5 μm standard mixed-signal CMOS process, had the capability of counting photons in the MHz regime. In addition, it was found that a perimeter gate, a structural feature used to suppress edge breakdown in the diode, also maximized the signal-to-noise-ratio in the high-count rate regime whereas it maximized sensitivity at low count rates. On the other hand, BTA-doped filters were demonstrated utilizing three commonly used polymers as hosts. The filters were patternable, utilizing the same procedures traditionally used to pattern the undoped polymer hosts, a key advantage for integration into microsystems. Filter performance was analyzed using a set of metrics developed for optoelectronic characterization of integrated fluorescence sensors; high rejection levels (nearing -40 dB) of UV light were observed in films of only 5 μm in thickness. Ultimately, BTA-doped filters were integrated into a portable sensor, and their use was demonstrated in two types of bioassays

Diversified farming systems for changing climate and consumerism

When we think about environmental degradation and climate change, the first things that come to our mind are cars and factories, but not how we grow, consume and dispose of. If we collectively put these things together, we account for nearly one-third of the human-induced climate change. That certainly put agriculture at the crossroads of system-level transformation towards healthy food, people, and the planet. Such food-system transformation requires a paradigm shift towards nature-friendly nutrition-rich diverse fruits and vegetables, and it should constitute at least 30-50% of our food plate from the current average of less than 10%. The only way left for us is to return to an ecological intensification with feedback loops that inter-links vital elements of complex agroecological transition within the planetary boundary limits. Farming in harmony with nature, carbon-neutral, enrich micro-hydrology and restore biodiversity to co-benefits the people and the planet. The context-specific regenerative agriculture practices that are ecologically sustainable and economically viable found to be best fit models for smallholder farmers and home gardeners. It is based on the sound ecological philosophy of production follows structure, composition and functions, and where ecosystem services and well being become default returns on their own. The recent advances in digital augmentation with ICTs enabled citizen science to provide powerful tools to aid the integration of frontier technology with indigenous knowledge. This leads to an ideal agro-ecosystem integrated with diverse crops, multi-purpose tree species, animals, and peoples in collective action to restore broken food systems and combat climate chang

Regeneration of Andrographis paniculata Nees: Analysis of genetic fidelity and andrographolide content in micropropagated plants

Andrographis paniculata Nees is a valuable medicinal plant which yields the therapeutic compound andrographolide. The objective of the present study was to develop reliable in vitro propagation techniques in this plant species. The efficiency of shoot regeneration in A. paniculata was tested on the Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), thidiazuron (TDZ), kinetin (Kn) and 2-isopentenyl adenine (2-iP) at concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 5.0 and 10.0 μM and BAP (1.0 μM) in combination with other cytokinins like TDZ, Kn and 2-iP (0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 5.0 and 10.0 μM) by using nodal explants. Maximum number of 39 shoots per explant was recorded on MS medium supplemented with BAP (1.0 μM) and Kn (5.0 μM). An anatomical study confirmed shoot regeneration via direct organogenesis. Regenerated shoots were cultured on MS medium supplemented with 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), indole-3- acetic acid (IAA) and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) at concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 5.0 μM for the induction of roots. Cent percent shoots developed roots after transfer to half strength MS medium supplemented with IBA (2.0 μM). The rooted plantlets were successfully acclimatized and established in soil. Randomly amplified polymorphic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) (RAPD) analysis was carried out to check for possible genetic alterations in regenerated plants and the results revealed that the recovered plants did not exhibit any type of polymorphism. The andrographolide content was determined in regenerated plants using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and regenerated plants had considerable amount of andrographolide, so regenerated plants could be used as raw material for andrographolide extraction.Keywords: Andrographis paniculata, andrographolide, nodal culture, micropropagatio

THE USE OF VARIOUS HYDROCHLORIC ACID CONCENTRATION LEVELS ON THE RABBIT BONE GELATIN QUALITY

Rabbit meat production continues to increase every year. An increase rabbit meat production causes bone production to increase as well. Rabbit bones can be used further to add value. The protein content in the bones is collagen. Collagen can be hydrolyzed to produce gelatin. The gelatin demand is high enough so the rabbit bones can be utilized as gelatin raw material. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of hydrochloric acid concentration on the rabbit bone gelatin and to determine the concentration of hydrochloric acid which produced the best gelatin quality. The design of the research was the Complete Random Design. The results of the study were analyzed by analysis of variance followed by Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT) if the results of previous tests yielded significantly different results. This study used five treatments of hydrochloric acid concentration (P1 = 3%, P2 = 4%, P3 = 5%, P4 = 6%, P5 = 7%) with three replications. The use of hydrochloric acid concentration did not affect the water content but did affect the yield, ash content, pH, and viscosity of rabbit bone gelatin. The use of hydrochloric acid with a concentration of 6% produced the best quality of rabbit bone gelatin with an average yield value of 3.92 ± 0.40%, water content 10.23 ± 0.89%, ash content 4.70 ± 0.07%, pH 3.75±0.17, and viscosity 10.63±0.32 mP

Towards Integrated Fluorescence Sensing

This thesis is an account of ongoing efforts in the Integrated Biomorphic Information Systems Laboratory and the Laboratory for MicroTechnologies towards the implementation of integrated microfabricated biosensing platforms with on-chip fluorescence detection capability. The first chapter is a published, exhaustive, and critical review of state-of-the-art microfluorometers, and it offers a set of performance metrics for evaluating sensors of different architectures. The second chapter consists of material from two journal papers, currently in preparation, in which the development of a polymeric optical filter material for UV fluorescence spectroscopy is presented and its integration with a CMOS active pixel sensor (APS) discussed. The third chapter, which is also an archival publication, presents initial efforts towards achieving high-sensitivity CMOS photodetectors for photon counting-based fluorescence assays in integrated platforms

Biodiversity, Geographical Distribution, Utilization and Conservation of Wild Mulberry Morus serrata Roxb.

Exploitation of wild relatives of crop plants to a large extent depends on the efficient use of germplasm resources available in natural habitat and the centre of diversity. The mulberry, sole food for silkworm is cultivated for the production and development of silkworm industry. Four species of mulberry viz., M. indica L., M. alba L., M. laevigata Wall., and M. serrata Roxb., are reported in India. Among these species, M. serrata is endemic to North Western Himalayan belt and growing in the higher altitude ranging from 560 ? 2200m above mean sea level. As a part of survey and exploration, 54 samples of M. serrata were collected from three states i.e., Uttaranchal (45), Himachal Pradesh (07) and Jammu and Kashmir (02). During collection, morphological variability, details of habitat viz., natural abode of plant and other related data were recorded. The collected materials were established in the Ex-situ field gene bank of Central Sericultural Germplasm Resources Centre (CSGRC) for further study. The morphological, anatomical, reproductive and growth traits showed variation among the different collections of M. serrata. This paper deals with biodiversity, geographical distribution, utilization and conservation of M. serrata for posterity

Volume gástrico residual em diabéticos obesos mórbidos após jejum noturno ou 3 horas de suplemento enriquecido com carboidratos: um estudo piloto cruzado randomizado.

RACIONAL: Para reduzir o risco de regurgitação durante a anestesia para procedimentos eletivos, os volumes gástricos residuais (VRG) têm sido tradicionalmente minimizados com jejum noturno. O jejum pré-operatório prolongado tem algumas consequências adversas e tem sido abandonado para a maioria dos procedimentos cirúrgicos, com exceção de pacientes obesos e/ou diabéticos. OBJETIVOS: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o VRG em pacientes diabéticos obesos mórbidos após jejum tradicional ou abreviado. MÉTODOS Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa em Seres Humanos da Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, sob o número 179.017/2012. Este é um projeto prospectivo, randomizado e cruzado em 8 pacientes diabéticos tipo II com obesidade mórbida. O VRG foi medido endoscopicamente após jejum noturno tradicional (pelo menos 8 horas) ou após jejum abreviado (6 horas para sólidos e 3 horas para uma bebida contendo água mais 25 g (12,5%) de maltodextrina). Os dados são expressos como média e variação e as diferenças foram comparadas com testes t pareados em p<0,05. RESULTADOS: A população estudada tinha 41,5 (28-53) anos de idade, peso médio de 135 (113-196) kg, índice de massa corporal (IMC) de 48,2 (40-62,4) kg/m2 e diabetes tipo II de 4,5 (1-10) anos. O VRG após o jejum abreviado foi de 21,5 (5-40) ml versus 26,3 (7-65) ml após o jejum tradicional. Essa diferença não foi significativa (p=0,82). CONCLUSÕES:  O esvaziamento gástrico em pacientes diabéticos obesos mórbidos é semelhante após jejum tradicional ou abreviado com uma bebida com carboidrato.BACKGROUND: To reduce the risk of regurgitation during anesthesia for elective procedures, residual gastric volumes (RGV) have traditionally been minimized with overnight fasting. Prolonged preoperative fasting have some adverse consequences and has been abandoned for most surgical procedures, with the exception of obese and/or diabetic patients.  AIMS: The aim of this study was to assess the RGV in  morbidly obese diabetics patients after traditional or abbreviated fasting. METHODS: This study was approved by the Committee of Ethics in Research in Human Beings from the Federal University of Mato Grosso, number 179.017/2012. This is a prospective, randomized, and cross-over design in 8 morbidly obese type II diabetic patients. RGV was measured endoscopically after either traditional overnight fasting (at least 8 hours) or after abbreviated fasting (6 h for solids and 3 hours for a drink containing water plus 25 g (12.5%) of maltodextrin). Data are expressed as mean and range and differences were compared with paired t tests at p<0.05.  RESULTS: The study population was 41.5 (28-53) years old, with a mean weight of 135 (113-196) kg, body mass index (BMI) 48.2 (40-62.4) kg/m2, and having type II diabetes for 4.5 (1-10) years. The RGV after abbreviated fasting was 21.5 (5-40) ml vs 26.3 (7-65) ml after traditional fasting. This difference was not significant (p=0.82). CONCLUSIONS: Gastric emptying in morbidly obese diabetics patients is similar after either traditional or abbreviated fasting with a carbohydrate drink

STRATEGI MARKETING “KRUPUK PATI” SEBAGAI SENTRA BISNISKHAS DUSUN MIRU DESA BANYUURIP

The development of Home Industry is carried out as a support for improving the welfare of the community. The development of small industries will help to overcome the problem of unemployment. The development of an increasingly advanced era, especially in the era that is starting to enter 5.0, namely a society that can solve various challenges and social problems by utilizing various innovations born in the era of the industrial revolution 4.0. Banyuurip Village has a small starch cracker business produced by the mothers of the residents of Miru Hamlet. The marketing process that runs traditionally with on-site orders and orders through WhatsApp alone has an impact on the lack of widespread marketing of starch crackers. The program of building the signpost of the Pati Cracker center has been implemented smoothly and well. The program received a warm welcome from the Village Head, Hamlet Head and the community. It is recommended that more develop and run programs to develop and advance Banyuurip Village.The development of Home Industry is carried out as a support for improving the welfare of the community. The development of small industries will help to overcome the problem of unemployment. The development of an increasingly advanced era, especially in the era that is starting to enter 5.0, namely a society that can solve various challenges and social problems by utilizing various innovations born in the era of the industrial revolution 4.0. Banyuurip Village has a small starch cracker business produced by the mothers of the residents of Miru Hamlet. The marketing process that runs traditionally with on-site orders and orders through WhatsApp alone has an impact on the lack of widespread marketing of starch crackers. The program of building the signpost of the Pati Cracker center has been implemented smoothly and well. The program received a warm welcome from the Village Head, Hamlet Head and the community. It is recommended that more develop and run programs to develop and advance Banyuurip Village

Economical Method of Reducing vibration on Machine Foundation

Abstract : In this research the effect of different isolated materials between the machine base and its concrete footing block is examined experimentally. The machine is subjected to vertical vibration produce by vibration exitor 4808 oscillator. Experiments will be performed by inserting isolated material between the machine base and its concrete footing. It is examined that the most vibration absorber is sandwich of E P E foam with rubber pad in between the oscillator and block. even on the ground the resonance is reduced so in this research it is investigated that for any kind of machine, combination of E P E foam and rubber pad can be used to reduce the vibration for the foundation and even to reduce damage to the nearby structures and this study will be beneficial for assessing the performance of the machine foundations