31 research outputs found

    Warum klassische Evaluation oftmals nicht ausreicht – eine Studie zur Ermittlung der Bedeutsamkeit Mentaler Modelle als Evaluationsmethode

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    Hohe Benutzertauglichkeit und Akzeptanz eines Webseitenservices sind nur dann gewĂ€hrleistet, wenn diese auf die funktionalen BedĂŒrfnisse, aber auch auf die strukturellen Vorstellungen ihrer Benutzer zugeschnitten sind. Im Kontext einer Webseite zur „Suche nach E-Learning-Produkten im Internet“ wurde untersucht, inwieweit die Kenntnis der Mentalen Modelle potenzieller Nutzer den Softwareentwicklungsprozess positiv beeinflussen kann. Dabei erlaubte die Erhebung Mentaler Modelle mit Hilfe der Struktur-Lege-Technik (SLT) als Evaluationsmethode einen Vergleich mit der tatsĂ€chlich entwickelten Webseite. Die Studie zeigte, dass trotz zuvor bereits durchgefĂŒhrter, klassischer Evaluationen (Usability Tests, Anwendung von Heuristiken und Cognitive Walkthroughs) 40 Funktionsbereiche genannt wurden, die auf der tatsĂ€chlichen Webseite nicht vorgesehen oder umgesetzt sind. Daraus folgt, dass die Erhebung von Mentalen Modellen ebenfalls bereits vor dem Software-Entwicklungsprozess durchgefĂŒhrt werden soll. (DIPF/Orig.

    Training of Tonal Similarity Ratings in Non-Musicians: A “Rapid Learning” Approach

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    Although cognitive music psychology has a long tradition of expert–novice comparisons, experimental training studies are rare. Studies on the learning progress of trained novices in hearing harmonic relationships are still largely lacking. This paper presents a simple training concept using the example of tone/triad similarity ratings, demonstrating the gradual progress of non-musicians compared to musical experts: In a feedback-based “rapid learning” paradigm, participants had to decide for single tones and chords whether paired sounds matched each other well. Before and after the training sessions, they provided similarity judgments for a complete set of sound pairs. From these similarity matrices, individual relational sound maps, intended to display mental representations, were calculated by means of non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS), and were compared to an expert model through procrustean transformation. Approximately half of the novices showed substantial learning success, with some participants even reaching the level of professional musicians. Results speak for a fundamental ability to quickly train an understanding of harmony, show inter-individual differences in learning success, and demonstrate the suitability of the scaling method used for learning research in music and other domains. Results are discussed in the context of the “giftedness” debate

    Holland's secondary constructs of vocational interests and career choice readiness of secondary students

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    The study examined the relationship between the secondary constructs of Holland’s (1997) theory of vocational interests and career choice readiness [career maturity] attitudes with 358 Swiss secondary students. The hypothesis was tested that the secondary constructs consistency, coherence, differentiation, and congruence are measures for the degree of vocational interest development. Thus, they should belong to the content domain in career choice readiness and should show meaningful relations to career choice readiness attitudes. The hypothesis was confirmed for congruence, coherence, and differentiation. Interest profile consistency showed no relation to career choice readiness attitudes. Vocational identity emerged as a direct measure for career choice readiness attitudes. Realism of career aspirations was related to career choice readiness attitudes and coherence of career aspirations. Profile elevation was positively connected to more career planning and career exploration. Differences between gender, ethnicity, and school-types are presented. Implications for career counselling and assessment practice are discussed

    Adaptive Wissensvermittlung am Beispiel der eLearning-Umgebung "Psychopathology Taught Online" (PTO)

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    Der vorliegende Beitrag stellt das Projekt der eLearning-Umgebung „Psychopathology Taught Online“ (PTO) vor. PTO soll als ein zum bestehenden universitĂ€ren Lehrangebot im Bereich Psychopathologie ergĂ€nzendes digitales Curriculum eingesetzt werden. Der inhaltliche Schwerpunkt liegt auf der PhĂ€nomenologie psychischer Störungen. Besonders hervorzuheben ist die zur GewĂ€hrleistung von inhaltlicher AdaptivitĂ€t des Lernprogramms verwendete Methodik. Mittels robuster Nonmetrischer Multidimensionaler Skalierung (NMDS) können Wissenskarten des Lerners erstellt werden, welche speziell auf relationale ZusammenhĂ€nge der deklarativen Wissensinhalte sensitiv sind und diese in einem Raummodell darstellen. Auf der Basis des Vergleichs einer Lernerkarte mit einem Normmodell (durch Prokrustes-Transformation) können spezifische WissensmĂ€ngel detektiert werden. Dies erlaubt das Geben von automatisierten, individuell angepassten Lernempfehlungen. (DIPF/Orig.

    Exploring the structure of psychopathological symptoms: a re-analysis of AMDP data by robust nonmetric multidimensional scaling

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    This paper investigates the structure of psychopathological symptoms. Based on AMDP symptom profiles, a symptom space was calculated by robust nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) and the symptom structures of a sample dating from 1980 and a sample from 2002/2003 were compared. The method of NMDS presented in this study allows results from other studies to be confirmed and complemented. The symptom factors identified in the past by factor-analytic studies were replicated as clusters in two-dimensional symptom maps. Additionally, some theoretically assumed clusters of symptoms were detected that were not found in previous factor analysis approaches. From the results, which are depicted in a continuous space, new insights can be gained, especially with regard to questions of categorical and dimensional classifications. The comparison of the structural aspects of the symptomatology across more than two decades resulted in only small divergences and allows conclusions to be drawn about the stability of these structures and consequently of the symptom clusters and dimension

    Creating a map of psychiatric patients based on psychopathological symptom profiles

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    Background: In the current debate about the categorical or dimensional classification of mental disorders many fruitful methods to illustrate one or the other aspect are employed, and suggestions are made to combine the two perspectives. Methods: We present such an approach to combine both perspectives at the same time. Based on psychopathological AMDP-symptom profiles, a map of psychiatric patients was calculated by robust nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS). Results: The sample from the Ludwig-Maximilians University in Munich included the records of patients, who were admitted and discharged in 2002 and 2003 with a diagnosis of either paranoid schizophrenia, (F20.00, N=24), bipolar affective disorder, current episode manic without psychotic symptoms (F31.1, N=32) or severe depressive episode without psychotic symptoms (F32.2, N=78). In the resulting map of patients we found a clear categorical distinction according to the diagnostic groups, but also high regression values of AMDP-syndromes (manic syndrome: r=0.83, depressive syndrome: r=0.68, and paranoid-hallucinatory syndrome, r=0.62). Discussion: The map of psychiatric patients presents an approach to consider the categorical and dimensional aspects at the same time. We were able to identify meaningful delineations between diagnostic clusters as well as continuous transitions. This method allows the whole psychopathological profile of each individual patient to be considered and also to identify misdiagnosed cases at a glanc

    Combining the categorical and the dimensional perspective in a diagnostic map of psychotic disorders

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    We introduce a diagnostic map that was calculated by robust non-metric multidimensional scaling based on AMDP symptom profiles of patients with schizophrenic and affective disorders to demonstrate a possibility to combine the categorical and the dimensional perspective at the same time. In the diagnostic map, a manic, a depressive, and a non-affective cluster clearly emerged. At the same time, the mania dimension (r=0.82), the depression dimension (r=0.68), and the apathy dimension (r=0.74) showed high multiple regression values in the map. We found substantial overlaps of the diagnostic groups with regard to the affective spectrum but irrespective of the ICD-10 classification. Within this sample, we found the association and quality of mood symptoms to be a structuring principle in a diagnostic map. We demonstrate that this approach represents a promising way of combining the categorical and the dimensional perspective. As a practical implementation of these findings, a multidimensional diagnostic map could serve as an automated diagnostic tool based on psychopathological symptom profile

    Der Educational Profiler: Ein Instrument fĂŒr die Diagnose der pĂ€dagogischen Bezugssysteme angehender Lehrpersonen

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    Lehramtsstudierende treten mit einem System an impliziten Überzeugungen in die Ausbildung ein, welches man als ihr pĂ€dagogisches Bezugssystem bezeichnen kann. Dieses kann die Aufnahme und die Verarbeitung von Ausbildungsinhalten beeinflussen, da es als Filter wirkt. Der vorliegende Beitrag beschreibt ein Instrument zur Diagnose von solchen impliziten pĂ€dagogischen Bezugssystemen im Rahmen der Lehrerinnen- und Lehrerbildung. Es handelt sich dabei um den Educational Profiler (E-Profiler), der an der UniversitĂ€t ZĂŒrich entwickelt wurde. Er erhebt die subjektiven Überzeugungen jeder und jedes Studierenden auf standardisierte Weise und in Relation zueinander. Empirische Daten zeigen, dass der E-Profiler einerseits als Forschungsinstrument fĂŒr wissenschaftliche Fragestellungen und andererseits als individuelles Reflexionsinstrument in der Lehrerinnen- und Lehrerbildung von Nutzen sein kann.Students enter teacher education with a set of implicit beliefs, which can be regarded as a personal educational reference system. This reference system can influence perception and processing of new information in the course of teacher education, because it acts as a kind of filter. The following article describes a tool for diagnosing such implicit educational reference systems in the context of teacher education. It was developed at the University of Zurich and it is called Educational Profiler (E-Profiler). It provides a standardised and relational assessment of students’ subjective beliefs. Empirical data show that E-Profiler can be a useful tool for addressing both scientific research questions and the process of individual reflection in teacher education

    Educational Landscapes: Mapping der elektronischen Ausbildungsangebote eines Faches mit Kognitiven Karten

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    Der vorliegende Artikel stellt das Konzept einer „Educational Landscape“ vor. Dieses Überblickssystem bildet alle verfĂŒgbaren elektronischen Lehrmittel eines Ausbildungsfaches in leicht interpretierbaren Landkarten ab, in denen die Angebote aufgrund ihrer inhaltlichen und mediendidaktischen Ähnlichkeit strukturiert sind. Grundlage fĂŒr dieses semantische Mapping bildet die Nonmetrische Multidimensionale Skalierung. Der/die Nutzer/in (Dozierende, Studierende) profitiert im Vergleich zu listenartigen Sammlungen von E-Learning-Katalogen nicht nur davon, einen vollstĂ€ndigen und auf die individuellen Anforderungen abgestimmten Überblick ĂŒber das vorhandene Lehrangebot zu erhalten. DarĂŒber hinaus erhĂ€lt er/sie die Möglichkeit, direkt ĂŒber die Landkarten auf die verfĂŒgbaren Lehr- und Lernressourcen zuzugreifen, gleich an welchem Ort oder auf welcher Plattform diese verankert sind. Ganz im Sinne des Bologna-Prozesses und der neuen Strategien wie Open Access oder Open Content bilden die Educational Landscapes ein integrierendes Element, um die mittlerweile zahlreich vorhandenen E-Learning-Produkte (frei) verfĂŒgbar und nutzbar zu machen. (DIPF/ Orig.
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