Búfalo: animal de tração.

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Streptococcus mutans transcriptome in the presence of sodium fluoride and sucrose

Objective: Considering the diverse mechanisms by which fluoride could affect oral bacteria, this study evaluated the effect of sodium fluoride onStreptococcus mutans transcriptome in the presence of sucrose. Methods: S. mutans UA159 was cultured in 3 different types of media: medium control[TY], sucrose control [TY_S], and sodium fluoride sucrose test[TY_S_NaF]. Triplicates of each group were sampled at exponential phase 3 h after inoculation, total RNA was isolated, mRNA enriched and cDNA paired-end sequenced (Illumina Hi-Seq2500). Results: Genes related toS. mutans adhesion(gtfB and gtfC), acidogenicity and sugar transport were up-regulated in the presence of sucrose(TY_S) and sucrose/fluoride(TY_S_NaF), whereas gene dltA, D-alanine-activating enzyme, which is related to regulation of non-PTS sugar internalization was down-regulated. Up-regulation of the scrA gene and the PTS fructose-and mannose system, as well as functions such as those involved in stress and defence responses and peptidases; and down-regulation of lacACDG and pyruvate formate-lyase were observed in the TY_S_NaF group, as compared to TY_S group. Conclusions: The presence of NaF has decreased the overall gene expression level inS. mutans. However, its major effect seems to be the inducing of expression of genes involved in some PEP:PTS systems and other metabolic transporters which imply specific cellular internalisation of sugars

"It is the economy, companheiro!": an empirical analysis of Lula's re-election based on municipal data

This paper discusses the reasons that led to the Lula's 2006 re-election. Spatial analysis methods revealed that, contrary to 2002, the President had more votes in less developed municipalities of Brazil. The econometric results cast doubt on the analyses that attribute to Bolsa Família Programme total responsibility for the re-election. Lula''s electoral success results from changes in the labor market, low inflation and an export boom that have reduced inequality and improved the real wages of the Brazilian poor.

Smoking cessation during pregnancy: a population-based study

OBJECTIVE: To measure the prevalence of smoking cessation during pregnancy and to identify factors associated with its occurrence. METHODS: The present survey included all puerperal women living in the municipality of Rio Grande, RS, whose birth occurred between January 1 and December 31, 2013. A single standardized questionnaire was applied, in the hospital, within 48 hours of delivery. Multivariate analysis was performed using Poisson regression with robust variance. RESULTS: The prevalence of smoking cessation among the 598 parturients studied was 24.9% (95%CI 21.5–28.6). After adjusting for confounding factors, mothers aged 13 to 19 years (PR = 1.76; 95%CI 1.13–2.74), who had higher family income (PR = 1.83; 95%CI, 1.23–2.72), higher educational level (PR = 2.79; 95%CI 1.27–6.15), higher number of prenatal appointments (PR = 1.84; 95%CI 1.11–3.05), and who did not smoke in the previous pregnancy (PR = 2.93; 95% CI, 1.95–4.41) presented a higher prevalence ratio of smoking cessation. CONCLUSIONS: Although pregnancy is a window of opportunity for smoking cessation, the rate of cessation was low. The prevalence of cessation was higher among mothers with lower risk of complications, suggesting the need for interventions prioritizing pregnant women of lower socioeconomic levels.OBJETIVO: Medir a prevalência de cessação do tabagismo durante a gestação e identificar fatores associados à sua ocorrência. MÉTODOS: O presente inquérito incluiu todas as puérperas residentes no município de Rio Grande, RS, cujo parto tenha ocorrido entre primeiro de janeiro e 31 de dezembro de 2013. Aplicou-se um questionário único padronizado no hospital em até 48 após o parto. A análise multivariada foi feita por meio da regressão de Poisson com variância robusta. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de cessação do tabagismo entre as 598 parturientes estudadas foi de 24,9% (IC95% 21,5–28,6). Após ajuste para fatores de confusão, mães com idade entre 13 e 19 anos (RP = 1,76; IC95% 1,13–2,74), maior renda familiar (RP = 1,83; IC95% 1,23–2,72), maior escolaridade (RP = 2,79; IC95% 1,27–6,15), maior número de consultas de pré-natal (RP = 1,84; IC95% 1,11–3,05) e que não fumaram na gestação anterior (RP = 2,93; IC95% 1,95–4,41) apresentaram maior razão de prevalências de cessação do tabagismo que as demais. CONCLUSÕES: Apesar de a gestação ser um momento propício à interrupção do tabagismo, foi baixa a proporção de cessação. Verificou-se ainda que a prevalência de cessação foi maior entre mães com menor risco de complicações. Isso evidencia a necessidade de intervenções continuadas priorizando gestantes de pior nível socioeconômico

Casa Redonda: arte, sustentabilidade e educação

Este artigo aborda o processo de criação em arte cujo referente é a construção de uma casa de terra, no contexto da realidade rural, utilizando-se de princípios colaborativos dentro da lógica da sustentabilidade radical. A modalidade de construção atende aos princípios das tradições e das novas tecnologias, na medida em que amplia e aprofunda táticas poéticas de ação no cotidiano, isso que nos permite potencializar a reflexão sobre as relações entre a arte contemporânea e o território rural. Território este, cujas transformações das últimas décadas alteraram significativamente as dinâmicas culturais, enfraquecendo os saberes tradicionais enquanto vetores de coesão social e identitária. O projeto intitulado Casa Redonda, funciona como um dispositivo, possibilitando a troca de saberes e simultaneidades afetivas através de encontros, entre indivíduos urbanos e rurais, proporcionando a ressignificação das práticas, territórios e subjetividades

Gene expression profile of Scardovia spp. in the metatranscriptome of root caries

A few investigations of caries biofilms have identified Scardovia spp.; however, little is known about its involvement in caries pathogenesis. The purpose of this study was to assess the gene expression profile of Scardovia spp. in root caries, and compare it with other microorganisms. Clinical samples from active root caries lesions were collected. Microbial mRNA was isolated and cDNA sequenced. The function and composition of the Scardovia were investigated using two methods: a) de novo assembly of the read data and mapping to contigs, and b) reads mapping to reference genomes. Pearson correlation was performed (p < 0.05). Proportion of Scardovia inopinata and Scardovia wiggsiae sequences ranged from 0-6% in the root caries metatranscriptome. There was a positive correlation between the transcriptome of Lactobacillus spp. and Scardovia spp. (r = 0.70; p = 0.03), as well as with other Bifidobacteriaceae (r = 0.91; p = 0.0006). Genes that code for fructose 6-phosphate phosphoketolase (the key enzyme for “Bifid shunt”), as well as ABC transporters and glycosyl-hydrolases were highly expressed. In conclusion, “Bifid shunt” and starch metabolism are involved in carbohydrate metabolism of S. inopinata and S. wiggsiae in root caries. There is a positive correlation between the metabolism abundance of Lactobacillus spp., Bifidobacteriaceae members, and Scardovia in root caries

The role of Candida albicans in root caries biofilms: an RNA-seq analysis

Objective: This study sought to analyze the gene expression of Candida albicans in sound root surface and root caries lesions, exploring its role in root caries pathogenesis. Methodology: The differential gene expression of C. albicans and the specific genes related to cariogenic traits were studied in association with samples of biofilm collected from exposed sound root surface (SRS, n=10) and from biofilm and carious dentin of active root carious lesions (RC, n=9). The total microbial RNA was extracted, and the cDNA libraries were prepared and sequenced on the Illumina Hi-Seq2500. Unique reads were mapped to 163 oral microbial reference genomes including two chromosomes of C. albicans SC5314 (14,217 genes). The putative presence of C. albicans was estimated (sum of reads/total number of genes≥1) in each sample. Count data were normalized (using the DESeq method package) to analyze differential gene expression (using the DESeq2R package) applying the Benjamini-Hochberg correction (FDR<0.05). Results: Two genes (CaO19.610, FDR=0.009; CaO19.2506, FDR=0.018) were up-regulated on SRS, and their functions are related to biofilm formation. Seven genes ( UTP20 , FDR=0.018; ITR1 , FDR=0.036; DHN6 , FDR=0.046; CaO19.7197 , FDR=0.046; CaO19.7838 , FDR=0.046; STT4 , FDR=0.046; GUT1 , FDR=0.046) were up-regulated on RC and their functions are related to metabolic activity, sugar transport, stress tolerance, invasion and pH regulation. The use of alternative carbon sources, including lactate, and the ability to form hypha may be a unique trait of C. albicans influencing biofilm virulence. Conclusions: C. albicans is metabolically active in SRS and RC biofilm, with different roles in health and disease

Genotypic Diversity and Virulence Traits of Streptococcus mutans

The aim of this study was to compare the genotypic diversity and virulence traits of Streptococcus mutans isolated from carious dentin before and after partial dentin caries removal (PDR) and sealing. Carious dentin samples were obtained three months before and after the PDR and cavity sealing. Up to seven isolates of each morphological type of S. mutans were selected and strain identity was confirmed using gtfB primer. Genotyping was performed by arbitrary primer-PCR (AP-PCR). Acidogenesis and acidurance of the genotypes were evaluated as virulence traits. A paired t-test and a Wilcoxon test were used to compare the virulence of genotypes. A total of 48 representative S. mutans isolates were genotyped (31 before and 17 after the sealing). At least one of the genotypes found before the sealing was also found on dentin after the sealing. The number of genotypes found before the sealing ranged from 2 to 3 and after the sealing from 1 to 2 genotypes. No difference was observed in the acidogenesis and acidurance between genotypes isolated before and after the sealing. In conclusion, genotypic diversity of S. mutans decreased after the PDR and sealing, but the virulence traits of S. mutans remained unchangeable

Habitação PAR, desempenho ímpar?: uma avaliação funcional de unidades multifamiliares em Pelotas/RS

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Arquitetura e UrbanismoA tendência de redução dimensional da habitação destinada à população de baixa renda compromete a qualidade espacial, pois os ambientes são projetados com dimensões desvinculadas das exigências espaciais para a adequada execução das tarefas domésticas. A necessidade da melhoria da qualidade espacial dos projetos torna prioritária a concepção de unidades habitacionais com dimensões apropriadas. Com base no aporte teórico, foi feita a identificação das tarefas e da indicação do mobiliário e equipamento mínimo requerido. Isso, somado à necessidade de racionalização funcional e, por conseqüência, a uma melhor organização espacial, contemplando, inclusive, a questão antropométrica e resulta no dimensionamento mínimo dos ambientes, porém adequados, considerando o pleno desenvolvimento das atividades ali existentes. Tendo em vista a necessidade citada, este trabalho se propôs a avaliar a qualidade espacial dos projetos PAR em Pelotas, utilizando como procedimento de pesquisa, o estudo de caso no âmbito dos espaços internos de uso privado em habitações multifamiliares. O estudo possibilitou identificar a tendência do tipo de ocupação, por preferência, hábitos ou mesmo pelas restrições dimensionais disponibilizadas pela unidade habitacional. Isso foi realizado através da análise dos leiautes existentes e, os problemas eventualmente criados de acesso, uso e circulação da habitação, quando equipada. Esta avaliação focou as condições de funcionalidade e permanência da família moradora. Como produto do estudo de caso, tem-se o inventário das unidades praticadas na cidade, que permitiu identificar os conflitos espaciais, apresentamos uma proposta de ajustes dimensionais nesta planta baixa