Sialosignaling: Sialyltransferases as engines of self-fueling loops in cancer progression

Background Glycosylation is increasingly recognized as one of the most relevant postranslational modifications. Sialic acids are negatively charged sugars which frequently terminate the carbohydrate chains of glycoproteins and glycolipids. The addition of sialic acids is mediated by sialyltransferases, a family of glycosyltransferases with a crucial role in cancer progression. Scope of the review To describe the phenotypic and clinical implications of altered expression of sialyltransferases and of their cognate sialylated structures in cancer. To propose a unifying model of the role of sialyltransferases and sialylated structures on cancer progression. Major conclusions We first discuss the biosynthesis and the role played by the major cancer-associated sialylated structures, including Thomsen-Friedenreich-associated antigens, sialyl Lewis antigens, \u3b12,6-sialylated lactosamine, polysialic acid and gangliosides. Then, we show that altered sialyltransferase expression in cancer, consequence of genetic and epigenetic alterations, generates a flow of information toward the membrane through the biosynthesis of aberrantly sialylated molecules (inside-out signaling). In turn, the presence of aberrantly sialylated structures on cell membrane receptors generates a flow of information toward the nucleus, which can exacerbate the neoplastic phenotype (outside-in signaling). We provide examples of self-fueling loops generated by these flows of information. General significance Sialyltransferases have a wide impact on the biology of cancer and can be the target of innovative therapies. Our unified view provides a conceptual framework to understand the impact of altered glycosylation in cancer

Glycosyltransferases in Cancer: Prognostic Biomarkers of Survival in Patient Cohorts and Impact on Malignancy in Experimental Models

Background: Glycosylation changes are a main feature of cancer. Some carbohydrate epitopes and expression levels of glycosyltransferases have been used or proposed as prognostic markers, while many experimental works have investigated the role of glycosyltransferases in malignancy. Using the transcriptomic data of the 21 TCGA cohorts, we correlated the expression level of 114 glycosyltransferases with the overall survival of patients. Methods: Using the Oncolnc website, we determined the Kaplan–Meier survival curves for the patients falling in the 15% upper or lower percentile of mRNA expression of each glycosyltransferase. Results: Seventeen glycosyltransferases involved in initial steps of N-or O-glycosylation and of glycolipid biosynthesis, in chain extension and sialylation were unequivocally associated with bad prognosis in a majority of cohorts. Four glycosyltransferases were associated with good prognosis. Other glycosyltransferases displayed an extremely high predictive value in only one or a few cohorts. The top were GALNT3, ALG6 and B3GNT7, which displayed a p < 1 × 10−9 in the low-grade glioma (LGG) cohort. Comparison with published experimental data points to ALG3, GALNT2, B4GALNT1, POFUT1, B4GALT5, B3GNT5 and ST3GAL2 as the most consistently malignancy-associated enzymes. Conclusions: We identified several cancer-associated glycosyltransferases as potential prognostic markers and therapeutic targets

Carboplatin, nab-paclitaxel plus atezolizumab in Impower 130 trial: New weapons beyond controversies

Letter to edito

Discontinuous Galerkin for the heterodimer model of prion dynamics in Parkinson's disease

Neurodegenerative diseases have a significant global impact affecting millions of individuals worldwide. Some of them, known as proteinopathies, are characterized by the accumulation and propagation of toxic proteins, known as prions. Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases are relevant of protheinopathies. Mathematical models of prion dynamics play a crucial role in understanding disease progression and could be of help to potential interventions. This article focuses on the heterodimer model: a system of two partial differential equations that describe the evolution of healthy and misfolded proteins. In particular, we propose a space discretization based on a Discontinuous Galerkin method on polygonal/polyhedral grids, which provides flexibility in handling meshes of complex brain geometries. Concerning the semi-discrete formulation we prove stability and a-priori error estimates. Next, we adopt a $\vartheta$-method scheme for time discretization. Some convergence tests are performed to confirm the theoretical bounds and the ability of the method to approximate travelling wave solutions. The proposed scheme is also tested to simulate the spread of $\alpha$-synuclein in a realistic test case of Parkinson's disease in a two-dimensional sagittal brain section geometry reconstructed from medical images

Transcriptional control of the B3GALT5 gene by a retroviral promoter and methylation of distant regulatory elements

We focused on transcription factors and epigenetic marks that regulate the B3GALT5 gene through its retroviral long terminal repeat (LTR) promoter. We compared the expression levels of the B3GALT5 LTR transcript, quantitated by competitive RT-PCR, with those of the candidate transcription factors HNF1\u3b1/\u3b2 and Cdx1/2, determined by Western blot analysis, in colon cancer biopsies, various cell lines, and cell models serving as controls. We found that HNF1\u3b1/\u3b2 were easily detected, irrespective of the amount of LTR transcript expressed by the source, whereas Cdx1/2 were undetectable, and no sample lacking HNF1\u3b1/\u3b2 expressed the LTR transcript. On transfection in proper host cells, both HNF1\u3b1 and HNF1\u3b2 provided detectable LTR transcript, whereas shRNA-mediated silencing of HNF1\u3b2 impaired transcription. Treating cells with 5\u2032-aza-2\u2032-deoxycytidine (5AZA) strongly reduced expression, without affecting HNF1\u3b1/\u3b2, despite the lack of CpG islands in the LTR and proximal sequences. By electrophoresis mobility shift and luciferase reporter assays, the LTR promoter binding and activity did not correlate with the amounts of LTR transcript expressed in the cells and depended on the levels of the transcription factors. We conclude that HNF1\u3b1/\u3b2 are necessary but insufficient to activate and regulate B3GALT5 LTR transcription, which depends on unknown regulatory elements that are active when methylated and located outside of and far from the LTR promoter

The expanding roles of the Sda/Cad carbohydrate antigen and its cognate glycosyltransferase B4GALNT2

Background The histo-blood group antigens are carbohydrate structures present in tissues and body fluids, which contribute to the definition of the individual immunophenotype. One of these, the Sda antigen, is expressed on the surface of erythrocytes and in secretions of the vast majority of the Caucasians and other ethnic groups. Scope of review We describe the multiple and unsuspected aspects of the biology of the Sda antigen and its biosynthetic enzyme \u3b21,4-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 2 (B4GALNT2) in various physiological and pathological settings. Major conclusions The immunodominant sugar of the Sda antigen is a \u3b21,4-linked N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc). Its cognate glycosyltransferase B4GALNT2 displays a restricted pattern of tissue expression, is regulated by unknown mechanisms - including promoter methylation, and encodes at least two different proteins, one of which with an unconventionally long cytoplasmic portion. In different settings, the Sda antigen plays multiple and unsuspected roles. 1) In colon cancer, its dramatic down-regulation plays a potential role in the overexpression of sialyl Lewis antigens, increasing metastasis formation. 2) It is involved in the lytic function of murine cytotoxic T lymphocytes. 3) It prevents the development of muscular dystrophy in various dystrophic murine models, when overexpressed in muscular fibers. 4) It regulates the circulating half-life of the von Willebrand factor (vWf), determining the onset of a bleeding disorder in a murine model. General significance The expression of the Sda antigen has a wide impact on the physiology and the pathology of different biological systems

Assessment of colour modifications in two different composite resins induced by the influence of chlorhexidine mouthwashes and gels, with and without anti-staining properties: An in vitro study

Objectives: Chlorhexidine (CHX)-based products are the most effective chemical agents used in plaque control and oral disinfection. One of their side effects is tooth and restoration staining. For this reason, CHX products with anti-discolouration systems (ADS) have been developed. The aim of this in vitro study was to compare different CHX-based products (gel and mouthwash) with or without ADS in composite colour modification.Methods: Two hundred specimens were created, 100 of which were made of packable composite and 100 of flowable composite. After 24 h, colour coordinates (L*, a*, b*, C*, h degrees) were recorded using a spectrophotometer (T0). Then, all samples were subjected to a CHX/tea staining model and immersed in human saliva for 2 min. Composite specimens were divided in 10 groups (N = 20). Control groups (PC, FC) were soaked in distilled water and test groups (PG, PGads, FG, FGads, PM, PMads, FM and FMads) were immersed in CHX-based solutions or brushed with CHX gel. Then the cycle was repeated 6 times, and colour differences (Delta E-ab and Delta E-00) were finally calculated.Results: Through flowable composites, FC and FG showed the highest colour differences, respectively Delta E-ab = 3.48 +/- 1.0, Delta E-00 = 2.24 +/- 0.6 and Delta E-ab = 2.95 +/- 1.3, Delta E-00 = 1.53 +/- 0.6. In the composite groups instead, PM and PMads showed the highest colour differences, respectively Delta Eab = 2.78 +/- 1.3,Delta E00 = 1.94 +/- 0.8 and Delta E-ab = 2.71 +/- 1.4, Delta E-00 = 1.84 +/- 0.9.Conclusions: CHX-containing products are able to cause stains on restorative composite materials. Discolouration is more likely to occur in flowable composites than packable composites, and ADS-containing products cause fewer pigmentations than CHX products without ADS. Packable composites showed more staining after mouthwash treatment, whereas flowable composites underwent higher discolouration after treatment with gels

A melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) gene polymorphism is useful for authentication of Massese sheep dairy products

Massese is an Italian sheep breed, with black or grey coat colour, mainly reared in the Tuscany and Emilia Romagna regions. Recently, the emerging interests in this breed have resulted in the production of Pecorino cheese obtained with only Massese milk. In order to be profitable, this marketing link between Massese breed and its products should be defended against fraudsters who could include milk of other sheep breeds or cow milk in Massese labelled productions. To identify the genetic factors affecting coat colour in sheep, we have recently analysed the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) gene and identified several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). In this work, as a first step to set up a DNA based protocol for authentication of Massese dairy products, we further investigated the presence and distribution of one of these SNPs (c.-31G>A) in 143 Massese sheep and in another 13 sheep breeds (for a total of 351 animals). The Massese breed was fixed for allele c.-31A, whereas in all other breeds allele c.-31 G was the most frequent or with frequency of 0\ub750. At the same nucleotide position the cattle MC1R gene carries the G nucleotide. Using these data we developed a method to detect adulterating milk (from other sheep breeds or from cow) in Massese dairy products based on the analysis of the c.-31G>A SNP. We first tested the sensitivity of the protocol and then applied it to analyse DNA extracted from ricotta and Pecorino cheese obtained with only Massese milk or obtained with unrestricted sheep and cattle milk. To our knowledge, this system represents the first one that can be used for breed authentication of a sheep production and that, at the same time, can reveal frauds derived from the admixture of milk of an unreported species

High Expression of the Sda Synthase B4GALNT2 Associates with Good Prognosis and Attenuates Stemness in Colon Cancer

BACKGROUND: The carbohydrate antigen Sda and its biosynthetic enzyme B4GALNT2 are highly expressed in normal colonic mucosa but are down-regulated to a variable degree in colon cancer tissues. Here, we investigated the clinical and biological importance of B4GALNT2 in colon cancer. METHODS: Correlations of B4GALNT2 mRNA with clinical data were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database; the phenotypic and transcriptomic changes induced by B4GALNT2 were studied in LS174T cells transfected with B4GALNT2 cDNA. RESULTS: TCGA data indicate that patients with high B4GALNT2 expression in cancer tissues display longer survival than non-expressers. In LS174T cells, expression of B4GALNT2 did not affect the ability to heal a scratch wound or to form colonies in standard growth conditions but markedly reduced the growth in soft agar, the tridimensional (3D) growth as spheroids, and the number of cancer stem cells, indicating a specific effect of B4GALNT2 on the growth in poor adherence and stemness. On the transcriptome, B4GALNT2 induced the down-regulation of the stemness-associated gene SOX2 and modulated gene expression towards an attenuation of the cancer phenotype. CONCLUSIONS: The level of B4GALNT2 can be proposed as a marker to identify higher- and lower-risk colorectal cancer patients

ALMA reveals the magnetic field evolution in the high-mass star forming complex G9.62+0.19

Context. The role of magnetic fields during the formation of high-mass stars is not yet fully understood, and the processes related to the early fragmentation and collapse are largely unexplored today. The high-mass star forming region G9.62+0.19 is a well known source, presenting several cores at different evolutionary stages. Aims. We determine the magnetic field morphology and strength in the high-mass star forming region G9.62+0.19, to investigate its relation to the evolutionary sequence of the cores. Methods. We use Band 7 ALMA observations in full polarisation mode and we analyse the polarised dust emission. We estimate the magnetic field strength via the Davis-Chandrasekhar-Fermi and the Structure Function methods. Results. We resolve several protostellar cores embedded in a bright and dusty filamentary structure. The polarised emission is clearly detected in six regions. Moreover the magnetic field is oriented along the filament and appears perpendicular to the direction of the outflows. We suggest an evolutionary sequence of the magnetic field, and the less evolved hot core exhibits a magnetic field stronger than the more evolved one. We detect linear polarisation from thermal line emission and we tentatively compared linear polarisation vectors from our observations with previous linearly polarised OH masers observations. We also compute the spectral index, the column density and the mass for some of the cores. Conclusions. The high magnetic field strength and the smooth polarised emission indicate that the magnetic field could play an important role for the fragmentation and the collapse process in the star forming region G9.62+019 and that the evolution of the cores can be magnetically regulated. On average, the magnetic field derived by the linear polarised emission from dust, thermal lines and masers is pointing in the same direction and has consistent strength.Comment: accepted by A&A, version after language editin