Precursor-derived in-water peracetic acid impacts on broiler performance, gut microbiota and antimicrobial resistance genes

Past antimicrobial misuse has led to the spread of antimicrobial resistance amongst pathogens, reportedly a major public health threat. Attempts to reduce the spread of antimicrobial resistant (AMR) bacteria are in place worldwide, among which finding alternatives to antimicrobials have a pivotal role. Such molecules could be used as “green alternatives” to reduce the bacterial load either by targeting specific bacterial groups or more generically, functioning as biocides when delivered in vivo. In this study, the effect of in-water peracetic acid as a broad-spectrum antibiotic alternative for broilers was assessed via hydrolysis of precursors sodium percarbonate and tetraacetylethylenediamine. Six equidistant peracetic acid levels were tested from 0 to 50 ppm using four pens per treatment and 4 birds per pen (i.e., 16 birds per treatment and 96 in total). Peracetic acid was administered daily from d 7 to 14 of age whilst measuring performance parameters and end-point bacterial concentration (qPCR) in crop, jejunum, and ceca, as well as crop 16S sequencing. PAA treatment, especially at 20, 30, and 40 ppm, increased body weight at d 14, and feed intake during PAA exposure compared to control (P < 0.05). PAA decreased bacterial concentration in the crop only (P < 0.05), which was correlated to better performance (P < 0.05). Although no differences in alpha- and beta-diversity were found, it was observed a reduction of Lactobacillus (P < 0.05) and Flectobacillus (P < 0.05) in most treatments compared to control, together with an increased abundance of predicted 4-aminobutanoate degradation (V) pathway. The analysis of the AMR genes did not point towards any systematic differences in gene abundance due to treatment administration. This, together with the rest of our observations could indicate that proximal gut microbiota modulation could result in performance amelioration. Thus, peracetic acid may be a valid antimicrobial alternative that could also positively affect performance

Additional file 2 of Encapsulated peracetic acid as a valid broad-spectrum antimicrobial alternative, leading to beneficial microbiota compositional changes and enhanced performance in broiler chickens

Additional file 2. Taxonomy at phylum and genus levels

Additional file 2 of Encapsulated peracetic acid as a valid broad-spectrum antimicrobial alternative, leading to beneficial microbiota compositional changes and enhanced performance in broiler chickens

Additional file 2. Taxonomy at phylum and genus levels

Encapsulated peracetic acid as a valid broad-spectrum antimicrobial alternative, leading to beneficial microbiota compositional changes and enhanced performance in broiler chickens

Abstract Background Antimicrobial alternatives are urgently needed, including for poultry production systems. In this study, we tested the potential broad-range antimicrobial alternative peracetic acid, delivered in feed via the hydrolysis of encapsulated precursors through a 28-day study using 375 Ross 308 broiler chickens. We tested two peracetic acid concentrations, 30 and 80 mg/kg on birds housed on re-used litter, and we evaluated the impact of both levels on gut microbial communities, bacterial concentration, antimicrobial resistance genes relative abundance and growth performance when compared to control birds housed on either clean or re-used litter. Results Body weight gain and feed conversion ratio improved in peracetic acid fed birds. At d 28, birds given 30 mg/kg of peracetic acid had a decreased Firmicutes and an increased Proteobacteria abundance in the jejunum, accompanied by an increase in Bacillus, Flavonifractor and Rombustia in the caeca, and a decreased abundance of tetracycline resistance genes. Chicken given 80 mg/kg of peracetic acid had greater caecal abundance of macrolides lincosamides and streptogramins resistance genes. Growth performance on clean litter was reduced compared to re-used litter, which concurred with increased caecal abundance of Blautia, decreased caecal abundance of Escherichia/Shigella, Anaerostipes and Jeotgalicoccus, and greater gene abundance of vancomycin, tetracycline, and macrolides resistance genes. Conclusions Peracetic acid could be used as a safe broad-spectrum antimicrobial alternative in broilers. Encapsulated precursors were able to reduce the bacterial concentration in the jejunum whilst promoting the proliferation of probiotic genera in the caeca, especially at the low peracetic acid concentrations tested, and improve growth performance. Moreover, our findings offer further insights on potential benefits of rearing birds on re-used litter, suggesting that the latter could be associated with better performance and reduced antimicrobial resistance risk compared to clean litter rearing