The Anatomy of the Knee and Gamma-Families

It is shown that the fine stucture of the cosmic ray energy spectrum in the knee region, if explained by the Single Source Model (SSM), can, in principle, be clearly revealed and magnified in the size spectrum of extensive air showers (EAS) associated with gamma families. Existing experimental data on EAS at mountain level give support to this hypothesis.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures, to appear in the Proceedings of 14th International Symposium on Very High Energy Cosmic Ray Interactions, Weihai, China, 15-22.08.06, Nucl.Phys.B (Proc.Suppl.), 200

Quantifying Eulerian Eddy Leakiness in an Idealized Model

An idealized eddy‐resolving ocean basin, closely resembling the North Pacific Ocean, is simulated using MITgcm. We identify rotationally coherent Lagrangian vortices (RCLVs) and sea surface height (SSH) eddies based on the Lagrangian and Eulerian framework, respectively. General statistical results show that RCLVs have a much smaller coherent core than SSH eddies with the ratio of radius is about 0.5. RCLVs are often enclosed by SSH anomaly contours, but SSH eddy identification method fails to detect more than half of RCLVs. Based on their locations, two types of eddies are classified into three categories: overlapping RCLVs and SSH eddies, nonoverlapping SSH eddies, and nonoverlapping RCLVs. Using Lagrangian particles, we examine the processes of leakage and intrusion around SSH eddies. For overlapping SSH eddies, over the lifetime, the material coherent core only accounts for about 25% and about 50% of initial water leak from eddy interior. The remaining 25% of water can still remain inside the boundary, but only in the form of filaments outside the coherent core. For nonoverlapping SSH eddies, more water leakage (about 60%) occurs at a faster rate. Guided by the number and radius of SSH eddies, fixed circles and moving circles are randomly selected to diagnose the material flux around these circles. We find that the leakage and intrusion trends of moving circles are quite similar to that of nonoverlapping SSH eddies, suggesting that the material coherence properties of nonoverlapping SSH eddies are not significantly different from random pieces of ocean with the same size

Antibacterial Performance of a Cu-bearing Stainless Steel against Microorganisms in Tap Water

This document is the Accepted Manuscript of the following article: Mingjun Li, Li Nan, Dake xu, Guogang Ren, Ke Yang, ‘Antibacterial Performance of a Cu-bearing Stainless Steel against Microorganisms in Tap Water’, Journal of Materials Science & Technology, Vol. 31 (3): 243-251, March 2015, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2014.11.016, made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License CC BY NC-ND 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).Tap water is one of the most commonly used water resources in our daily life. However, the increasing water contamination and the health risk caused by pathogenic bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli have attracted more attention. The mutualism of different pathogenic bacteria may diminish antibacterial effect of antibacterial agents. It was found that materials used for making pipe and tap played one of the most important roles in promoting bacterial growth. This paper is to report the performance of an innovative type 304 Cu-bearing stainless steel (304CuSS) against microbes in tap water. The investigation methodologies involved were means of heterotrophic plate count, contact angle measurements, scanning electron microscopy for observing the cell and subtract surface morphology, atomic absorption spectrometry for copper ions release study, and confocal laser scanning microscopy used for examining live/dead bacteria on normal 304 stainless steel and 304CuSS. It was found that the surface free energy varied after being immersed in tap water with polar component and Cu ions release. The results showed 304CuSS could effectively kill most of the planktonic bacteria (max 95.9% antibacterial rate), and consequently inhibit bacterial biofilms formation on the surface, contributing to the reduction of pathogenic risk to the surrounding environments.Peer reviewe

Developing Regenerative Treatments for Developmental Defects, Injuries, and Diseases Using Extracellular Matrix Collagen-Targeting Peptides.

Collagen is the most widespread extracellular matrix (ECM) protein in the body and is important in maintaining the functionality of organs and tissues. Studies have explored interventions using collagen-targeting tissue engineered techniques, using collagen hybridizing or collagen binding peptides, to target or treat dysregulated or injured collagen in developmental defects, injuries, and diseases. Researchers have used collagen-targeting peptides to deliver growth factors, drugs, and genetic materials, to develop bioactive surfaces, and to detect the distribution and status of collagen. All of these approaches have been used for various regenerative medicine applications, including neovascularization, wound healing, and tissue regeneration. In this review, we describe in depth the collagen-targeting approaches for regenerative therapeutics and compare the benefits of using the different molecules for various present and future applications

Zivilgesellschaft, Gemeinwohl und Kollektivgüter

In den letzten zwei Jahrzehnten erlebten ‚Gemeinwohl’ wie ‚Zivilgesellschaft’ eine Renaissance als Topoi und wissenschaftliche Konzepte. Beide werden oft miteinander in Beziehung gebracht: Während der Zivilgesellschaft eine gemeinwohlfördernde Funktion zugeschrieben wird, dient das Gemeinwohl wiederum auch in wissenschaftlich-analytischen Konzepten der Zivilgesellschaft als Kennzeichen eines spezifisch ‚zivilgesellschaftlichen’ Handlungsmodus. Diese Gleichsetzung wird im vorliegenden Papier theoretisch wie empirisch anhand ausgewählter Fallstudien zum Gemeinwohldiskurs in Umweltkonflikten in Frage gestellt. Die vorgestellten Überlegungen beziehen sich dabei primär auf eine von Jürgen Kocka im Rahmen der Arbeitsgruppe ‚Zivilgesellschaft’ am WZB entwickelte Definition von Zivilgesellschaft. Der Bezug auf das Gemeinwohl wird insgesamt als nur begrenzt geeignet angesehen, zivilgesellschaftliches Handeln zu kennzeichnen. Dies nicht nur aufgrund seiner inhaltlichen Vagheit und normativen Aufladung, sondern auch deshalb, weil das Gemeinwohl in Nutzungskonflikten um Kollektivgüter als stehender Begriff verwendet wird. Die Frage, ob das jeweils umstrittene Gut die Eigenschaften eines privaten oder eines öffentlichen Gutes aufweist, bestimmt damit maßgeblich die diskursive Verwendung von ‚Gemeinwohl’ mit. Da zudem zivilgesellschaftliche Akteure ohnehin meist im Falle von Verteilungsfragen, die Kollektivgüter betreffen, in die öffentliche Debatte eingreifen, bietet es sich an, anstelle des Gemeinwohls die Verhandlung von Kollektivgütern in eine wissenschaftliche Konzeptualisierung zivilgesellschaftlichen Handelns aufzunehmen.As topoi and as scientific concepts, ‘common welfare’ (Gemeinwohl) and ‘civil society’ experienced a revitalisation within the last two decades. Both are often used in context of one another. While civil society is supposed to enhance the common welfare, the latter is, in return, perceived as characteristic for activities typical for civil society, even in scientific concepts. In this paper, this relationship is put into question, theoretically as well as empirically, taking into account selected case studies on the debate on ‘common welfare’ in environmental conflicts. It specifically refers to a concept of civil society developed by Jürgen Kocka within the WZB Working Group “Civil Society: historical and comparative perspectives”. It will be shown that reference to common welfare is only suitable to a limited extent in characterising ‘civil society’ activities. This is not only due to its vagueness and normative charge; moreover, the ‘common welfare’ seems to be a set phrase in the case of conflicts regarding collective goods. Whether the goods in question can be described as private or public goods apparently influences the discursive use of ‘common welfare’. Since civil society actors mostly tend to intervene in public debates concerning the distribution of collective goods, the negotiation of ‘collective goods’ rather than ‘common welfare’ should be integrated into a scientific conceptualisation of civil society

The development of air shower in the iron absorber

The iron open-sandwich experiments to observe one dimensional development of individual air showers were carried out at Akeno Observatory. One dimensional energy flow, incident energy and production height of shower is estimated using the data of size and age obtained from the above experiment and simple calculation

Constraining the neutron-matter equation of state with gravitational waves

We show how observations of gravitational waves from binary neutron star (BNS) mergers over the next few years can be combined with insights from nuclear physics to obtain useful constraints on the equation of state (EoS) of dense matter, in particular, constraining the neutron-matter EoS to within 20% between one and two times the nuclear saturation density $n_0\approx 0.16\ {\text{fm}^{-3}}$. Using Fisher information methods, we combine observational constraints from simulated BNS merger events drawn from various population models with independent measurements of the neutron star radii expected from x-ray astronomy (the Neutron Star Interior Composition Explorer (NICER) observations in particular) to directly constrain nuclear physics parameters. To parameterize the nuclear EoS, we use a different approach, expanding from pure nuclear matter rather than from symmetric nuclear matter to make use of recent quantum Monte Carlo (QMC) calculations. This method eschews the need to invoke the so-called parabolic approximation to extrapolate from symmetric nuclear matter, allowing us to directly constrain the neutron-matter EoS. Using a principal component analysis, we identify the combination of parameters most tightly constrained by observational data. We discuss sensitivity to various effects such as different component masses through population-model sensitivity, phase transitions in the core EoS, and large deviations from the central parameter values.Comment: 13 pages, 9 figures + supplement 11 page