Vertical Structure and Color of Jovian Latitudinal Cloud Bands during the Juno Era

The identity of the coloring agent(s) in Jupiter's atmosphere and the exact structure of Jupiter's uppermost cloud deck are yet to be conclusively understood. The Cr\`{e}me Br\^ul\'ee model of Jupiter's tropospheric clouds, originally proposed by Baines et al. (2014) and expanded upon by Sromovsky et al. (2017) and Baines et al. (2019), presumes that the chromophore measured by Carlson et al. (2016) is the singular coloring agent in Jupiter's troposphere. In this work, we test the validity of the Cr\`{e}me Br\^ul\'ee model of Jupiter's uppermost cloud deck using spectra measured during the Juno spacecraft's 5$^{\mathrm{th}}$ perijove pass in March 2017. These data were obtained as part of an international ground-based observing campaign in support of the Juno mission using the NMSU Acousto-optic Imaging Camera (NAIC) at the 3.5-m telescope at Apache Point Observatory in Sunspot, NM. We find that the Cr\`{e}me Br\^ul\'ee model cloud layering scheme can reproduce Jupiter's visible spectrum both with the Carlson et al. (2016) chromophore and with modifications to its imaginary index of refraction spectrum. While the Cr\`{e}me Br\^ul\'ee model provides reasonable results for regions of Jupiter's cloud bands such as the North Equatorial Belt and Equatorial Zone, we find that it is not a safe assumption for unique weather events, such as the 2016-2017 Southern Equatorial Belt outbreak that was captured by our measurements.Comment: 38 pages, 21 figures; Accepted for publication in AAS Planetary Science Journa

Convective storms in closed cyclones in Jupiter's South Temperate Belt: (I) observations

On May 31, 2020 a short-lived convective storm appeared in one of the small cyclones of Jupiter's South Temperate Belt (STB) at planetographic latitude 30.8S. The outbreak was captured by amateur astronomer Clyde Foster in methane-band images, became widely known as Clyde's Spot, and was imaged at very high resolution by the Junocam instrument on board the Juno mission 2.5 days later. Junocam images showed a white two-lobed cyclonic system with high clouds observed in the methane-band at 890 nm. The storm evolved over a few days to become a dark feature that showed turbulence for months, presented oscillations in its drift rate, and slowly expanded, first into a Folded Filamentary Region (FFR), and later into a turbulent segment of the STB over a timescale of one year. On August 7, 2021, a new storm strikingly similar to Clyde's Spot erupted in a cyclone of the STB. The new storm exhibited first a similar transformation into a turbulent dark feature, and later transformed into a dark cyclone fully formed by January 2022. We compare the evolution into a FFR of Clyde's Spot with the formation of a FFR observed by Voyager 2 in 1979 in the South South Temperate Belt (SSTB) after a convective outburst in a cyclone that also developed a two-lobed shape. We also discuss the contemporaneous evolution of an additional cyclone of the STB, which was similar to the one were Clyde's Spot developed. This cyclone did not exhibit visible internal convective activity, and transformed from pale white in 2019, with low contrast with the environment, to dark red in 2020, and thus, was very similar to the outcome of the second storm. This cyclone became bright again in 2021 after interacting with Oval BA. We present observations of these phenomena obtained by amateur astronomers, ground-based telescopes, Hubble Space Telescope and Junocam. This study reveals that short-lived small storms that are active for only a few days can produce complex longterm changes that extend over much larger areas than those initially covered by the storms. In a second paper [In tilde urrigarro et al., 2022] we use the EPIC numerical model to simulate these storms and study moist convection in closed cyclones.We are very thankful to the large community of amateur observers operating small telescopes that submit their Jupiter observations to databases such as PVOL and ALPO-Japan. We are also grateful to two anonymous reviewers for their comments that improved the clarity of this paper. This work has been supported by Grant PID2019-109467GB-I00 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033/and by Grupos Gobierno Vasco IT1366-19. PI acknowledges a PhD scholarship from Gobierno Vasco. GSO and TM were supported by NASA with funds distributed to the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology under contract 80NM0018D0004. C. J. Hansen was sup-ported by funds from NASA, USA to the Juno mission via the Planetary Science Institute. IOE was supported by a contract funded by Europlanet 2024 RI to navigate Junocam images, now available as maps in PVOL at http://pvol2.ehu.eus. Europlanet 2024 RI has received funding from the European Unions Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 871149. G.S. Orton, S. R. Brueshaber, T. W. Momary, K. H. Baines and E. K. Dahl were visiting Astronomers at the Infrared Telescope Facility, which is operated by the University of Hawaii under contract 80HQTR19D0030 with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. In addition, support from NASA Juno Participating Scientist award 80NSSC19K1265 was provided to M.H. Wong. This work has used data acquired from the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope (HST) , which is operated by the Association of 807 Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under NASA contract NAS 5-26555. These HST observations are associated with several HST observing programs: GO/DD 14661 (PI: M.H. Wong) , GO/DD 15665 (PI: I. de Pater) , GO/DD 15159 (PI: M. H. Wong) , GO/DD 15502 (PI: A. Simon) , GO/DD 14661 (PI: M. H. Wong) , GO/DD 16074 (PI: M.H. Wong) , GO/DD 16053 (PI: I. de Pater) , GO/DD 15929 (PI: A. Simon) , GO/DD 16269 (PI: A. Simon) . PlanetCam observations were collected at the Centro Astronomico Hispanico en Andalucia (CAHA) , operated jointly by the Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia (CSIC) and the Andalusian Universities (Junta de Andalucia) . This work was enabled by the location of the IRTF and Gemini North telescopes within the Mauakea Science Reserve, adjacent to the summit of Maunakea. We are grateful for the privilege of observing Kaawela (Jupiter) from a place that is unique in both its astronomical quality and its cultural signifi-cance. This research has made use of the USGS Integrated Software for Imagers and Spectrometers (ISIS) . Voyager 2 images were accessed through The PDS Ring-Moon Systems Nodes OPUS search service

Social, emotional, and behavioral functioning of secondary school students with low academic and language performance: perspectives from students, teachers, and parents

Adolescence is a time of transition when young people with language difficulties are at increased risk of experiencing social, emotional, and behavioral difficulties (SEBD). Most studies of social, emotional, and behavioral functioning (SEBF) in individuals with language difficulties focus on children with a clinical diagnosis of language impairment. This study explores SEBF in a nonclinical group of 12-year-old students with low educational and language performance from their own perspectives and those of their parents and teachers

A global experiment on motivating social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic

Finding communication strategies that effectively motivate social distancing continues to be a global public health priority during the COVID-19 pandemic. This cross-country, preregistered experiment (n = 25,718 from 89 countries) tested hypotheses concerning generalizable positive and negative outcomes of social distancing messages that promoted personal agency and reflective choices (i.e., an autonomy-supportive message) or were restrictive and shaming (i.e., a controlling message) compared with no message at all. Results partially supported experimental hypotheses in that the controlling message increased controlled motivation (a poorly internalized form of motivation relying on shame, guilt, and fear of social consequences) relative to no message. On the other hand, the autonomy-supportive message lowered feelings of defiance compared with the controlling message, but the controlling message did not differ from receiving no message at all. Unexpectedly, messages did not influence autonomous motivation (a highly internalized form of motivation relying on one’s core values) or behavioral intentions. Results supported hypothesized associations between people’s existing autonomous and controlled motivations and self-reported behavioral intentions to engage in social distancing. Controlled motivation was associated with more defiance and less long-term behavioral intention to engage in social distancing, whereas autonomous motivation was associated with less defiance and more short- and long-term intentions to social distance. Overall, this work highlights the potential harm of using shaming and pressuring language in public health communication, with implications for the current and future global health challenges

Sustained increases in atmospheric oxygen and marine productivity in the Neoproterozoic and Palaeozoic eras

A geologically rapid Neoproterozoic oxygenation event is commonly linked to the appearance of marine animal groups in the fossil record. However, there is still debate about what evidence from the sedimentary geochemical record—if any—provides strong support for a persistent shift in surface oxygen immediately preceding the rise of animals. We present statistical learning analyses of a large dataset of geochemical data and associated geological context from the Neoproterozoic and Palaeozoic sedimentary record and then use Earth system modelling to link trends in redox-sensitive trace metal and organic carbon concentrations to the oxygenation of Earth’s oceans and atmosphere. We do not find evidence for the wholesale oxygenation of Earth’s oceans in the late Neoproterozoic era. We do, however, reconstruct a moderate long-term increase in atmospheric oxygen and marine productivity. These changes to the Earth system would have increased dissolved oxygen and food supply in shallow-water habitats during the broad interval of geologic time in which the major animal groups first radiated. This approach provides some of the most direct evidence for potential physiological drivers of the Cambrian radiation, while highlighting the importance of later Palaeozoic oxygenation in the evolution of the modern Earth system

Frequency of fatigue and its changes in the first 6 months after traumatic brain injury: results from the CENTER-TBI study

Background: Fatigue is one of the most commonly reported subjective symptoms following traumatic brain injury (TBI). The aims were to assess frequency of fatigue over the first 6 months after TBI, and examine whether fatigue changes could be predicted by demographic characteristics, injury severity and comorbidities. Methods: Patients with acute TBI admitted to 65 trauma centers were enrolled in the study Collaborative European NeuroTrauma Effectiveness Research in TBI (CENTER-TBI). Subj

Drivers of Frailty from Adulthood into Old Age : Results from a 27-Year Longitudinal Population-Based Study in Sweden

BACKGROUND: Frailty is a strong predictor of adverse outcomes. However, longitudinal drivers of frailty are not well understood. This study aimed at investigating the longitudinal trajectories of a frailty index (FI) from adulthood to late life and identifying the factors associated with the level and rate of change in FI. METHODS: An age-based latent growth curve analysis was performed in the Swedish Adoption/Twin Study of Aging (N = 1,842; aged 29-102 years) using data from up to 15 measurement waves across 27 years. A 42-item FI was used to measure frailty at each wave. RESULTS: A bilinear, two-slope model with a turning point at age 65 best described the age-related change in FI, showing that the increase in frailty was more than twice as fast after age 65. Underweight, obesity, female sex, overweight, being separated from one's co-twin during childhood, smoking, poor social support, and low physical activity were associated with a higher FI at age 65, with underweight having the largest effect size. When tested as time-varying covariates, underweight and higher social support were associated with a steeper increase in FI before age 65, whereas overweight and obesity were associated with less steep increase in FI after age 65. CONCLUSIONS: Factors associated with the level and rate of change in frailty are largely actionable and could provide targets for intervention. As deviations from normal weight showed the strongest associations with frailty, future public health programs could benefit from monitoring of individuals with abnormal BMI, especially those who are underweight.CC BY-NC-ND 4.0</p