Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I obliterates the pregnancy-associated protection against mammary carcinogenesis in rats: evidence that IGF-I enhances cancer progression through estrogen receptor-α activation via the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway

INTRODUCTION: Pregnancy protects against breast cancer development in humans and rats. Parous rats have persistently reduced circulating levels of growth hormone, which may affect the activity of the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I axis. We investigated the effects of IGF-I on parity-associated protection against mammary cancer. METHODS: Three groups of rats were evaluated in the present study: IGF-I-treated parous rats; parous rats that did not receive IGF-I treatment; and age-matched virgin animals, which also did not receive IGF-I treatment. Approximately 60 days after N-methyl-N-nitrosourea injection, IGF-I treatment was discontinued and all of the animal groups were implanted with a silastic capsule containing 17β-estradiol and progesterone. The 17β-estradiol plus progesterone treatment continued for 135 days, after which the animals were killed. RESULTS: IGF-I treatment of parous rats increased mammary tumor incidence to 83%, as compared with 16% in parous rats treated with 17β-estradiol plus progesterone only. Tumor incidence and average number of tumors per animal did not differ between IGF-I-treated parous rats and age-matched virgin rats. At the time of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea exposure, DNA content was lowest but the α-lactalbumin concentration highest in the mammary glands of untreated parous rats in comparison with age-matched virgin and IGF-I-treated parous rats. The protein levels of estrogen receptor-α in the mammary gland was significantly higher in the age-matched virgin animals than in untreated parous and IGF-I-treated parous rats. Phosphorylation (activation) of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2 (ERK1/2) and expression of the progesterone receptor were both increased in IGF-I-treated parous rats, as compared with those in untreated parous and age-matched virgin rats. Expressions of cyclin D(1 )and transforming growth factor-β(3 )in the mammary gland were lower in the age-matched virgin rats than in the untreated parous and IGF-I-treated parous rats. CONCLUSION: We argue that tumor initiation (transformation and fixation of mutations) may be similar in parous and age-matched virgin animals, suggesting that the main differences in tumor formation lie in differences in tumor progression caused by the altered hormonal environment associated with parity. Furthermore, we provide evidence supporting the notion that tumor growth promotion seen in IGF-I-treated parous rats is caused by activation of estrogen receptor-α via the Raf/Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade

Alterações climáticas, um olhar dos educadores em formação e a importância do seu ensino a partir de uma abordagem interdisciplinar

This paper analyzes the perceptions about climate change that university teacher training students must determine their beliefs, behaviors and attitudes. The methodology was descriptive, not experimental and transversal. The results show that students perceive climate changes in the environment, but they don’t have enough knowledge to explain the phenomenon clearly, thus justifying the importance of addressing environmental education for climate change with an interdisciplinary approach. Making it clear that the training of future teachers in the education of this problem is essential to achieve an influence in the pupils, parents, professors and the local community to promote actions in favor of the environment. Keywords: Environmental education; Higher level education; Teachers; Scientific literacy; Environmental perceptions. Cambio climático, una mirada desde los educadores en formación y la importancia de su enseñanza desde un enfoque interdisciplinar Resumen: Este trabajo analiza las percepciones sobre cambio climático que tienen los estudiantes universitarios de carreras del área educativa para determinar sus creencias, conductas y actitudes. La metodología fue de tipo descriptiva, no experimental y transversal, para ello, se utilizó un cuestionario de opción múltiple. Los resultados muestran que los alumnos perciben los cambios climáticos que hay en el ambiente, pero no poseen conocimientos suficientes para una explicación clara del fenómeno, justificando de esta manera la importancia de abordar la educación ambiental para cambio climático dentro del currículo con un enfoque interdisciplinario. Por tal motivo, la capacitación de los futuros docentes en la enseñanza de esta problemática es fundamental para lograr una influencia en la comunidad educativa y promover acciones a favor del medio ambiente. Palabras clave: Educación ambiental; Enseñanza superior; Docentes; Alfabetización científica; Percepciones ambientales.Este trabajo analiza las percepciones sobre cambio climático que tienen los estudiantes universitarios de carreras del área educativa para determinar sus creencias, conductas y actitudes. La metodología fue de tipo descriptiva, no experimental y transversal, para ello, se utilizó un cuestionario de opción múltiple. Los resultados muestran que los alumnos perciben los cambios climáticos que hay en el ambiente, pero no poseen conocimientos suficientes para una explicación clara del fenómeno, justificando de esta manera la importancia de abordar la educación ambiental para cambio climático dentro del currículo con un enfoque interdisciplinario. Por tal motivo, la capacitación de los futuros docentes en la enseñanza de esta problemática es fundamental para lograr una influencia en la comunidad educativa y promover acciones a favor del medio ambiente. Palabras clave: Educación ambiental; Enseñanza superior; Docentes; Alfabetización científica; Percepciones ambientales. Climate change, a look from educators in training and the importance of their teaching from an interdisciplinary approach Abstract: This paper analyzes the perceptions about climate change that university teacher training students must determine their beliefs, behaviors and attitudes. The methodology was descriptive, not experimental and transversal. The results show that students perceive climate changes in the environment, but they don’t have enough knowledge to explain the phenomenon clearly, thus justifying the importance of addressing environmental education for climate change with an interdisciplinary approach. Making it clear that the training of future teachers in the education of this problem is essential to achieve an influence in the pupils, parents, professors and the local community to promote actions in favor of the environment. Keywords: Environmental education; Higher level education; Teachers; Scientific literacy; Environmental perceptions.Este trabalho analisa as percepções sobre mudança climática que têm os estudantes universitários de carreiras da área educativa para determinar suas crenças, comportamentos e atitudes. A metodologia foi de tipo descritivo, não experimental e transversal, tendo sido utilizado um questionário de escolha múltipla.Os resultados mostram que os alunos, percebem as mudanças climáticas que há no ambiente, mas não possuem conhecimentos suficientes para uma explicação clara do fenômeno, justificando, assim, a importância de uma abordagem interdisciplinar da educação ambiental para as alterações climáticas. Por este motivo, a capacitação dos futuros docentes no ensino desta problemática é fundamental para conseguir uma influência na comunidade educativa e promover ações a favor do meio ambiente

Levels of transforming growth factor (TGF)-βin mammary glands obtained from parous rats treated with insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I (P-IGF-I), untreated parous rats (P-Un), and age-matched virgin rats (AMV)

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I obliterates the pregnancy-associated protection against mammary carcinogenesis in rats: evidence that IGF-I enhances cancer progression through estrogen receptor-α activation via the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway"</p><p>Breast Cancer Research 2004;6(4):R423-R436.</p><p>Published online 4 Jun 2004</p><p>PMCID:PMC468665.</p><p>Copyright © 2004 Thordardson et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article: verbatim copying and redistribution of this article are permitted in all media for any purpose, provided this notice is preserved along with the article's original URL.</p> The IGF-I treatment (0.66 mg/kg body weight/day) was continued for 7 days before samples were collected. Protein samples (100 μg/lane) were electrophorized on a 20% SDS-PAGE; Western blot analysis was carried out using a specific anti-TGF-βantibody (GF16; Oncogene Research Product, San Diego, CA, USA) and specific protein bands detected using enhanced chemiluminescence reagents. The upper image shows the results of the Western blot analysis and the bar chart shows the quantitation and statistical analysis of the results. Values are expressed as mean ± standard error. *< 0.05 versus P-Un and P-IGF-I

Western blot analysis showing estrogen receptor (ER)-α expression in mammary gland extracts from parous rats treated with insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I (P-IGF-I), untreated parous rats (P-Un), and age-matched virgin rats (AMV)

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I obliterates the pregnancy-associated protection against mammary carcinogenesis in rats: evidence that IGF-I enhances cancer progression through estrogen receptor-α activation via the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway"</p><p>Breast Cancer Research 2004;6(4):R423-R436.</p><p>Published online 4 Jun 2004</p><p>PMCID:PMC468665.</p><p>Copyright © 2004 Thordardson et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article: verbatim copying and redistribution of this article are permitted in all media for any purpose, provided this notice is preserved along with the article's original URL.</p> The IGF-I treatment (0.66 mg/kg body weight/day) was continued for 7 days before samples were collected. The protein samples (100 μg/lane) were electrophorized on 7.5% SDS-PAGE, transferred to PVDF membrane, and probed with antibody specific to ER-α(Ab-15; NeoMarkers Inc., Fremont, CA, USA). Protein bands were detected using enhanced chemiluminescence reagents (upper image) and quantified using the ImageJ (version 1.24o; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA) image analysis program (bar chart). Values are expressed as mean ± standard error. *< 0.05 versus P-IGF-I and P-Un

IBERIFIER Reports – Legal and Political Aspects of Disinformation in Portugal and Spain

In Portugal and Spain, disinformation is a severe concern for social and cultural reasons. Furthermore, it is a significant concern for politicians and policymakers (Wardle & Derakhshan, 2017; Lanoszka, 2019; Saurwein & Spencer-Smith, 2020; Tenove, 2020; Correyero-Ruiz & Baladrón-Pazos, 2022). According to McKay & Tenove (2021), disinformation can undermine trust in democratic institutions and influence election outcomes, harming the reputation of individuals or institutions (European Commission, 2021; Department of National Security of the Spanish Government, 2022). In Portugal, the Government established a task force to combat disinformation, promoted media literacy, and launched campaigns to raise awareness of the dangers of disinformation. Similarly, in Spain, the Government established a Strategic Communication Office to coordinate efforts to combat disinformation and launched campaigns to promote media literacy

IBERIFIER Reports – Legal and Political Aspects of Disinformation in Portugal and Spain

In Portugal and Spain, disinformation is a severe concern for social and cultural reasons. Furthermore, it is a significant concern for politicians and policymakers (Wardle & Derakhshan, 2017; Lanoszka, 2019; Saurwein & Spencer-Smith, 2020; Tenove, 2020; Correyero-Ruiz & Baladrón-Pazos, 2022). According to McKay & Tenove (2021), disinformation can undermine trust in democratic institutions and influence election outcomes, harming the reputation of individuals or institutions (European Commission, 2021; Department of National Security of the Spanish Government, 2022). In Portugal, the Government established a task force to combat disinformation, promoted media literacy, and launched campaigns to raise awareness of the dangers of disinformation. Similarly, in Spain, the Government established a Strategic Communication Office to coordinate efforts to combat disinformation and launched campaigns to promote media literacy

3er. Coloquio: Fortalecimiento de los Colectivos de Docencia

Las memorias del 3er. Coloquio de Fortalecimiento de Colectivos de Docencia deben ser entendidas como un esfuerzo colectivo de la comunidad de académicos de la División de Ciencias y Artes para el Diseño, en medio de la pandemia COVID-19, con el fin de: • Analizar y proponer acciones concretas que promuevan el mejoramiento de la calidad docente en la División. • Proponer acciones que permitan continuar fortaleciendo los cursos con modalidad a distancia (remotos). • Ante un escenario que probablemente demandará en el mediano plazo, transitar del modelo remoto a un modelo híbrido, proponer acciones a considerar para la transición de los cursos. • Planear y preparar cursos de nivelación de conocimientos, para cuando se transite a la impartición de la docencia de manera mixta o presencial, dirigidos a los alumnos que no hayan tenido oportunidad de desarrollar actividades relevantes para su formación, como prácticas de talleres y laboratorios, visitas, o alguna otra actividad relevante