Extracellular Vesicles Released by <em>Leishmania</em>: Impact on Disease Development and Immune System Cells

Leishmania spp. release extracellular vesicles (EVs) containing parasite molecules, including several antigens and virulence factors. These EVs can interact with the host cells, such as immune cells, contributing to the parasite–host relationship. Studies have demonstrated that Leishmania-EVs can promote infection in experimental models and modulate the immune response. Although the immunomodulatory effect has been demonstrated, Leishmania-EVs can deliver parasite antigens and therefore have the potential for use as a new diagnostic tool and development of new therapeutic and vaccine approaches. This review aims to bring significant advances in the field of extracellular vesicles and Leishmania, focusing on their role in the cells of the immune system

Tungsten-niobium oxide bronzes: a bulk and surface structural study

[EN] Materials from the WO3-Nb2O5 system, presenting bronze-type crystal structures, display outstanding functional properties for several applications as thermoelectric materials, lithium-ion battery electrodes, or catalysts. In this work, a series of W-Nb-O oxide bronzes have been synthesized by the hydrothermal method (with Nb/(W + Nb) ratios in the range of 0-1). A combination of bulk and surface characterisation techniques has been applied to get further insights into: (i) the effect of thermal treatments on as-prepared materials and (ii) the surface chemical nature of W-Nb-O oxide bronzes. Thermal treatments promote the following structural changes: (i) loss of emerging long-range order and (ii) the elimination of NH4+ and H2O species from the structural channels of the as-synthesized materials. It has been observed that W-Nb-O bronzes with Nb at% of ca. 50% are able to retain a long-range order after heat-treatments, which is attributed to the presence of a Cs-0.5[W2.5Nb2.5O14]-type structure. Increasing amounts of Nb 5T in the materials (i) promote a phase transition to pseudocrystalline phases ordered along the c-axis; (ii) stabilize surface W s. species (elucidated by XPS); and (iii) increase the proportion of surface Lewis acid sites (as determined by the FTIR of adsorbed CO). Results suggest that pseudocrystalline oxides (with a Nb at% >= 50%) are closely related to NbO2 pentagonal bipyramid-containing structures. The stabilisation of Lewis acid sites on these pseudocrystalline materials leads to a higher yield of heavy compounds, at the expense of acrolein formation, in the gas-phase dehydration of glycerol.The authors would like to acknowledge the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion y Universidades in Spain for the financial support (RTI2018-099668-B-C21 and SEV-2016-0683 projects), and the Electron Microscopy Service at Universitat Politecnica de Valencia for providing facilities and technical support. D. D. also thanks Severo Ochoa Excellence Program for his fellowship (SVP-2014-068669).Delgado-Muñoz, D.; Concepción Heydorn, P.; Trunschke, A.; López Nieto, JM. (2020). Tungsten-niobium oxide bronzes: a bulk and surface structural study. Dalton Transactions. 49(38):13282-13293. https://doi.org/10.1039/d0dt02058cS13282132934938D. J. M. Bevan and P.Hagenmuller , Non-Stoichiometric Compounds , Pergamon , 1973Quan, H., Gao, Y., & Wang, W. (2020). Tungsten oxide-based visible light-driven photocatalysts: crystal and electronic structures and strategies for photocatalytic efficiency enhancement. Inorganic Chemistry Frontiers, 7(4), 817-838. doi:10.1039/c9qi01516gWu, C.-M., Naseem, S., Chou, M.-H., Wang, J.-H., & Jian, Y.-Q. (2019). Recent Advances in Tungsten-Oxide-Based Materials and Their Applications. Frontiers in Materials, 6. doi:10.3389/fmats.2019.00049P. G. Dickens and M. F.Pye , in Intercalation Chemistry , ed. M. S. Whittingham and A. J. Jacobson , Academic Press , 1982 , pp. 539–561Tilley, R. J. D. (1995). The crystal chemistry of the higher tungsten oxides. International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, 13(1-3), 93-109. doi:10.1016/0263-4368(95)00004-6CHEETHAM, A. K., & VON DREELE, R. B. (1973). Cation Distributions in Niobium Oxide Block Structures. Nature Physical Science, 244(139), 139-140. doi:10.1038/physci244139a0Obayashi, H., & Anderson, J. S. (1976). Intermediate phases and pseudophases in the system WO3Nb2O5: Tetragonal tungsten bronze phases. Journal of Solid State Chemistry, 17(1-2), 79-89. doi:10.1016/0022-4596(76)90205-xMAGNÉLI, A. (1950). Structure of β-Tungsten Oxide. Nature, 165(4192), 356-357. doi:10.1038/165356b0M. Greenblatt , in Physics and Chemistry of Low-Dimensional Inorganic Conductors , ed. C. Schlenker , J. Dumas , M. Greenblatt and S. van Smaalen , Springer US , Boston, MA , 1996 , vol. 2 , pp. 15–43Chen, J., Wang, H., Deng, J., Xu, C., & Wang, Y. (2018). Low-crystalline tungsten trioxide anode with superior electrochemical performance for flexible solid-state asymmetry supercapacitor. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 6(19), 8986-8991. doi:10.1039/c8ta01323cGarcía-González, E., Soriano, M. D., Urones-Garrote, E., & López Nieto, J. M. (2014). On the origin of the spontaneous formation of nanocavities in hexagonal bronzes (W,V)O3. Dalton Trans., 43(39), 14644-14652. doi:10.1039/c4dt01465kSoriano, M. D., Concepción, P., Nieto, J. M. L., Cavani, F., Guidetti, S., & Trevisanut, C. (2011). Tungsten-Vanadium mixed oxides for the oxidehydration of glycerol into acrylic acid. Green Chemistry, 13(10), 2954. doi:10.1039/c1gc15622eMurayama, T., Kuramata, N., Takatama, S., Nakatani, K., Izumi, S., Yi, X., & Ueda, W. (2012). Synthesis of porous and acidic complex metal oxide catalyst based on group 5 and 6 elements. Catalysis Today, 185(1), 224-229. doi:10.1016/j.cattod.2011.10.029Omata, K., Izumi, S., Murayama, T., & Ueda, W. (2013). Hydrothermal synthesis of W–Nb complex metal oxides and their application to catalytic dehydration of glycerol to acrolein. Catalysis Today, 201, 7-11. doi:10.1016/j.cattod.2012.06.004Thibodeau, T. J., Canney, A. S., DeSisto, W. J., Wheeler, M. C., Amar, F. G., & Frederick, B. G. (2010). Composition of tungsten oxide bronzes active for hydrodeoxygenation. Applied Catalysis A: General, 388(1-2), 86-95. doi:10.1016/j.apcata.2010.08.025M. J. Sienko , in Nonstoichiometric Compounds, Advances in Chemistry , ed. R. Ward , American Chemical Society , 1963 , vol. 39 , ch. 21, pp. 224–236Yang, C., Chen, J.-F., Zeng, X., Cheng, D., & Cao, D. (2014). Design of the Alkali-Metal-Doped WO3 as a Near-Infrared Shielding Material for Smart Window. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 53(46), 17981-17988. doi:10.1021/ie503284xMigas, D. B., Shaposhnikov, V. L., Rodin, V. N., & Borisenko, V. E. (2010). Tungsten oxides. I. Effects of oxygen vacancies and doping on electronic and optical properties of different phases of WO3. Journal of Applied Physics, 108(9), 093713. doi:10.1063/1.3505688Ostertag, W., & Collins, C. V. (1967). Electrical resistivity of cubic rare earth, thorium and uranium tungsten bronzes. Materials Research Bulletin, 2(2), 217-221. doi:10.1016/0025-5408(67)90060-8Ostertag, W. (1966). Rare Earth Tungsten Bronzes. Inorganic Chemistry, 5(5), 758-760. doi:10.1021/ic50039a014Von Rohr, F. O., Ryser, A., Ji, H., Stolze, K., Tao, J., Frick, J. J., … Cava, R. J. (2019). The h ‐Sb x WO 3+2 x Oxygen Excess Antimony Tungsten Bronze. Chemistry – A European Journal, 25(8), 2082-2088. doi:10.1002/chem.201805251Cerretti, G., Schrade, M., Song, X., Balke, B., Lu, H., Weidner, T., … Tremel, W. (2017). Thermal stability and enhanced thermoelectric properties of the tetragonal tungsten bronzes Nb8−xW9+xO47 (0 < x < 5). Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 5(20), 9768-9774. doi:10.1039/c7ta01121kGriffith, K. J., Wiaderek, K. M., Cibin, G., Marbella, L. E., & Grey, C. P. (2018). Niobium tungsten oxides for high-rate lithium-ion energy storage. Nature, 559(7715), 556-563. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0347-0Okumura, K., Tomiyama, T., Shirakawa, S., Ishida, S., Sanada, T., Arao, M., & Niwa, M. (2011). Hydrothermal synthesis and catalysis of Nb2O5–WOxnanofiber crystal. J. Mater. Chem., 21(1), 229-235. doi:10.1039/c0jm02882gDelgado, D., Fernández-Arroyo, A., Domine, M. E., García-González, E., & López Nieto, J. M. (2019). W–Nb–O oxides with tunable acid properties as efficient catalysts for the transformation of biomass-derived oxygenates in aqueous systems. Catalysis Science & Technology, 9(12), 3126-3136. doi:10.1039/c9cy00367cSaha, D., Jensen, K. M. Ø., Tyrsted, C., Bøjesen, E. D., Mamakhel, A. H., Dippel, A.-C., … Iversen, B. B. (2014). In Situ Total X-Ray Scattering Study of WO3Nanoparticle Formation under Hydrothermal Conditions. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 53(14), 3667-3670. doi:10.1002/anie.201311254Juelsholt, M., Lindahl Christiansen, T., & Jensen, K. M. Ø. (2019). Mechanisms for Tungsten Oxide Nanoparticle Formation in Solvothermal Synthesis: From Polyoxometalates to Crystalline Materials. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 123(8), 5110-5119. doi:10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b12395Murayama, T., Kuramata, N., & Ueda, W. (2016). Hydrothermal synthesis of W–Ta–O complex metal oxides by assembling MO6 (M = W or Ta) octahedra and creation of solid acid. Journal of Catalysis, 339, 143-152. doi:10.1016/j.jcat.2016.04.007Murayama, T., Nakajima, K., Hirata, J., Omata, K., Hensen, E. J. M., & Ueda, W. (2017). Hydrothermal synthesis of a layered-type W–Ti–O mixed metal oxide and its solid acid activity. Catalysis Science & Technology, 7(1), 243-250. doi:10.1039/c6cy02198kDelgado, D., Soriano, M. D., Solsona, B., Zamora, S., Agouram, S., Concepción, P., & López Nieto, J. M. (2019). Tungsten-titanium mixed oxide bronzes: Synthesis, characterization and catalytic behavior in methanol transformation. Applied Catalysis A: General, 582, 117092. doi:10.1016/j.apcata.2019.05.026Delgado, D., Chieregato, A., Soriano, M. D., Rodríguez-Aguado, E., Ruiz-Rodríguez, L., Rodríguez-Castellón, E., & López Nieto, J. M. (2018). Influence of Phase Composition of Bulk Tungsten Vanadium Oxides on the Aerobic Transformation of Methanol and Glycerol. European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2018(10), 1204-1211. doi:10.1002/ejic.201800059Delgado, D., Fernández-Arroyo, A., Salvia, N. L., Domine, M. E., & Nieto, J. M. L. (2019). Reflux-synthesized bulk and diluted W-Nb-O mixed oxide bronzes for the valorization of short-chain oxygenates aqueous mixtures. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 40(11), 1778-1787. doi:10.1016/s1872-2067(19)63419-4La Salvia, N., Delgado, D., Ruiz-Rodríguez, L., Nadji, L., Massó, A., & Nieto, J. M. L. (2017). V- and Nb-containing tungsten bronzes catalysts for the aerobic transformation of ethanol and glycerol. Bulk and supported materials. Catalysis Today, 296, 2-9. doi:10.1016/j.cattod.2017.04.009Choi, J., Moon, K., Kang, I., Kim, S., Yoo, P. J., Oh, K. W., & Park, J. (2015). Preparation of quaternary tungsten bronze nanoparticles by a thermal decomposition of ammonium metatungstate with oleylamine. Chemical Engineering Journal, 281, 236-242. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2015.06.101Nieto, J. M. L., Botella, P., Vázquez, M. I., & Dejoz, A. (2002). The selective oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane over hydrothermally synthesised MoVTeNb catalysts. Chem. Commun., (17), 1906-1907. doi:10.1039/b204037aSadakane, M., Yamagata, K., Kodato, K., Endo, K., Toriumi, K., Ozawa, Y., … Ueda, W. (2009). Synthesis of Orthorhombic Mo-V-Sb Oxide Species by Assembly of Pentagonal Mo6O21Polyoxometalate Building Blocks. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 48(21), 3782-3786. doi:10.1002/anie.200805792Wagner, J. B., Timpe, O., Hamid, F. A., Trunschke, A., Wild, U., Su, D. S., … Schlögl, R. (2006). Surface texturing of Mo–V–Te–Nb–O x selective oxidation catalysts. Topics in Catalysis, 38(1-3), 51-58. doi:10.1007/s11244-006-0070-1Barthel, J., Weirich, T. E., Cox, G., Hibst, H., & Thust, A. (2010). Structure of Cs0.5[Nb2.5W2.5O14] analysed by focal-series reconstruction and crystallographic image processing. Acta Materialia, 58(10), 3764-3772. doi:10.1016/j.actamat.2010.03.016Soriano, M. D., García-González, E., Concepción, P., Rodella, C. B., & López Nieto, J. M. (2017). Self-Organized Transformation from Hexagonal to Orthorhombic Bronze of Cs–Nb–W–O Mixed Oxides Prepared Hydrothermally. Crystal Growth & Design, 17(12), 6320-6331. doi:10.1021/acs.cgd.7b00999Dickens, P. G., & Whittingham, M. S. (1968). The tungsten bronzes and related compounds. Quarterly Reviews, Chemical Society, 22(1), 30. doi:10.1039/qr9682200030MAGNÉLI, A. (1952). Tungsten Bronzes containing Six-membered Rings of WO6 Octahedra. Nature, 169(4306), 791-792. doi:10.1038/169791a0Szilágyi, I. M., Madarász, J., Pokol, G., Király, P., Tárkányi, G., Saukko, S., … Varga-Josepovits, K. (2008). Stability and Controlled Composition of Hexagonal WO3. Chemistry of Materials, 20(12), 4116-4125. doi:10.1021/cm800668xPinar, A. B., Márquez-Álvarez, C., Grande-Casas, M., & Pérez-Pariente, J. (2009). Template-controlled acidity and catalytic activity of ferrierite crystals. Journal of Catalysis, 263(2), 258-265. doi:10.1016/j.jcat.2009.02.017Gu, Z., Ma, Y., Zhai, T., Gao, B., Yang, W., & Yao, J. (2006). A Simple Hydrothermal Method for the Large-Scale Synthesis of Single-Crystal Potassium Tungsten Bronze Nanowires. Chemistry - A European Journal, 12(29), 7717-7723. doi:10.1002/chem.200600077Xie, F. Y., Gong, L., Liu, X., Tao, Y. T., Zhang, W. H., Chen, S. H., … Chen, J. (2012). XPS studies on surface reduction of tungsten oxide nanowire film by Ar+ bombardment. Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena, 185(3-4), 112-118. doi:10.1016/j.elspec.2012.01.004Grundner, M., & Halbritter, J. (1980). XPS and AES studies on oxide growth and oxide coatings on niobium. Journal of Applied Physics, 51(1), 397-405. doi:10.1063/1.327386Kreissl, H. T., Li, M. M. J., Peng, Y.-K., Nakagawa, K., Hooper, T. J. N., Hanna, J. V., … Tsang, S. C. E. (2017). Structural Studies of Bulk to Nanosize Niobium Oxides with Correlation to Their Acidity. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 139(36), 12670-12680. doi:10.1021/jacs.7b06856BURSILL, L. A., & HYDE, B. G. (1972). Rotation Faults in Crystals. Nature Physical Science, 240(102), 122-124. doi:10.1038/physci240122a0Bursill, L. A., & Smith, D. J. (1984). Interaction of small and extended defects in nonstoichiometric oxides. Nature, 309(5966), 319-321. doi:10.1038/309319a0Migas, D. B., Shaposhnikov, V. L., & Borisenko, V. E. (2010). Tungsten oxides. II. The metallic nature of Magnéli phases. Journal of Applied Physics, 108(9), 093714. doi:10.1063/1.3505689Dupin, J.-C., Gonbeau, D., Vinatier, P., & Levasseur, A. (2000). Systematic XPS studies of metal oxides, hydroxides and peroxides. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 2(6), 1319-1324. doi:10.1039/a908800hCiftyürek, E., Šmíd, B., Li, Z., Matolín, V., & Schierbaum, K. (2019). Spectroscopic Understanding of SnO2 and WO3 Metal Oxide Surfaces with Advanced Synchrotron Based; XPS-UPS and Near Ambient Pressure (NAP) XPS Surface Sensitive Techniques for Gas Sensor Applications under Operational Conditions. Sensors, 19(21), 4737. doi:10.3390/s19214737Pawlak, D. A., Ito, M., Oku, M., Shimamura, K., & Fukuda, T. (2001). Interpretation of XPS O (1s) in Mixed Oxides Proved on Mixed Perovskite Crystals. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 106(2), 504-507. doi:10.1021/jp012040aA. Davydov , Molecular Spectroscopy of Oxide Catalyst Surfaces , John Wiley & Sons , Hoboken , 2003 , pp. 27–179Perra, D., Drenchev, N., Chakarova, K., Cutrufello, M. G., & Hadjiivanov, K. (2014). Remarkable acid strength of ammonium ions in zeolites: FTIR study of low-temperature CO adsorption on NH4FER. RSC Adv., 4(99), 56183-56187. doi:10.1039/c4ra12504eZecchina, A., Marchese, L., Bordiga, S., Pazè, C., & Gianotti, E. (1997). Vibrational Spectroscopy of NH4+ Ions in Zeolitic Materials:  An IR Study. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 101(48), 10128-10135. doi:10.1021/jp9717554Katryniok, B., Paul, S., Bellière-Baca, V., Rey, P., & Dumeignil, F. (2010). Glycerol dehydration to acrolein in the context of new uses of glycerol. Green Chemistry, 12(12), 2079. doi:10.1039/c0gc00307gFoo, G. S., Wei, D., Sholl, D. S., & Sievers, C. (2014). Role of Lewis and Brønsted Acid Sites in the Dehydration of Glycerol over Niobia. ACS Catalysis, 4(9), 3180-3192. doi:10.1021/cs5006376Sung, K.-H., & Cheng, S. (2017). Effect of Nb doping in WO3/ZrO2 catalysts on gas phase dehydration of glycerol to form acrolein. RSC Advances, 7(66), 41880-41888. doi:10.1039/c7ra08154

Extracellular Vesicles Released by Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis Promote Disease Progression and Induce the Production of Different Cytokines in Macrophages and B-1 Cells

The extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by Leishmania can contribute to the establishment of infection and host immunomodulation. In this study, we characterized the shedding of EVs from Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis promastigotes. This species is the causative agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis, and its role during interactions with bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) and peritoneal B-1 cells was evaluated. Leishmania amazonensis promastigotes cultivated in vitro at different times and temperatures spontaneously released EVs. EVs were purified using size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) and quantitated by nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). NTA revealed that the average size of the EVs was approximately 180 nm, with concentrations ranging from 1.8 × 108 to 2.4 × 109 vesicles/mL. In addition, the presence of LPG and GP63 were detected in EVs obtained at different temperatures. Naïve BMDMs stimulated with EVs exhibited increased IL-10 and IL-6 expression. However, incubating B-1 cells with parasite EVs did not stimulate IL-10 expression but led to an increase in the expression of IL-6 and TNFα. After 7 weeks post-infection, animals infected with L. amazonensis promastigotes in the presence of parasite EVs had significant higher parasite load and a polarization to Th2 response, as compared to the group infected with the parasite alone. This work demonstrated that EVs isolated from L. amazonensis promastigotes were able to stimulate macrophages and B-1 cells to express different types of cytokines. Moreover, the immunomodulatory properties of EVs probably contributed to an increase in parasite burden in mice. These findings suggest that the functionality of L. amazonensis EVs on immune system favor of parasite survival and disease progression

L'équilibre des forces entre les résultats des projets d'intelligence compétitive et les aptitudes professionnelles identifiées

This study started with the practice as a strategic consultant, more then 10 years ago and resulted in this thesis that shows that every organization comes up with its own originality that is singular, depending on the forces coming from the human talents that makes it up. Due to this, the results it achieves depends on the different professional profiles associated together, starting from the strategy and the objectives given. For the business and what it does in the market. Accompanying this supposition, I came to the conclusion that the use of the concept of balance of skills in economic intelligence, gives many positive aspects to the file and to the importance of more accurate decision making and its importance, that is, it is decision making that gives better results for the related business, promotion and jumps in growth. I also concluded that according to the practical results analyzed, the lager the balance in the fields used in the present, the more the actions valorize the past and reaffirms the present that constructs the future with a higher sustainability for the company over time, In order to understand this conclusive perception, a didactic explanation proposition is used to ease the vision of internal and external interactions. This way the company is divided in 3 pillars that are denominated in 3 points where each one of them has different potentials. All of them together have impact on one another with different intensities and which makes it possible to understand which of the forces are the intermediate of each one of them. After these experiences using this principle, it was possible to also understand that each time a company reaches its ideal point of forces, it ends up getting an sudden increase of results from a natural evolution, resulting from the human talent, shown with a minimum of executive effort. Excessive effort comes when, in this case, the necessity of extra energy is used, in order to compensate for an out of focus situation. Every company from this study that used a big effort in order to achieve results, does not possess well balanced forces in the panel of the applied diagnostic. In 100% of the studied cases, the strategy is the weight in the coming out of the results. The experimental study shows that it is possible for companies to become conscious of its actual force capacity and its need to encourage it. This seams to be obvious but as organizations lately are described as “autonomous” and “alive” it is important to confirm that, who always sees things, is the human resource. The strategic capacity is always human never organizational. Economic or competitive intelligence is human, therefore in this study, its biological, psychological, and sociocultural and its view of operating in the world. All studies coming from other areas such as economics, administration or information technology are wellcome as a complement to the economic scenario, to the capitalistic system and to the demand of every business.Cette étude, dont le début s'initia avec la pratique en consultation stratégique il y a dix ans, aboutit dans la thèse qui veut démontrer que chaque organisation présente une originalité qui la rend singulière, et que cela dépend de la force des talents qui la composent. Il nous est alors démontré que les résultats que cette étude obtient dépendent de l'ensemble des profils professionnels de ces talents-là, associé à leur alignement selon la stratégie et les objectifs tracés pour les affaires dans leur secteur de performance et leur marché. Voilà pourquoi nous pouvons conclure que l'utilisation du concept d'équilibre de forces dans le domaine de l'Intelligence économique enrichit le dossier de tendances et d'importances pour les prises de décisions les plus réussies, celles qui apportent de meilleurs résultats pour les affaires concernées, y compris des sauts d'évolution. L'étude conclut aussi que, conformément aux résultats pratiques analysés, le niveau de développement durable de l'entreprise dans le temps sera plus consistant lorsque le balancement sur les foyers utilisant actuellement des actions qui valorisent le passé réaffirment le présent et construisent un avenir s'avèrant, lui aussi, également important. Pour comprendre cette perception concluante, nous est apportée une idée explicative et didactique qui facilite la vision des interactions internes et externes. De cette manière, l'organisation est décomposée en trois piliers (appelés foyers), chacun possédant différentes potentialités, leur ensemble pouvant impacter les uns sur les autres avec des intensités différentes, étant possible de comprendre lesquels sont les facteurs qui servent d'intermédiaires pour la force de chacun. Après les expériences pratiques ayant utilisé ce principe, il nous a été possible de comprendre aussi, que, chaque fois qu'une organisation atteint son bilan idéal de forces, elle obtient des sauts naturels d'évolution dans les résultats où le talent humain est démontré, et cela avec un niveau d'effort exécutif minimum. L'effort excessif est dû, dans ce cas, aux besoins de dépense d'énergie supplémentaire pour essayer de compenser le désalignement. Toute organisation qui a utilisé un très grand effort pour atteindre à ses objectifs, ne possède pas de bilan de forces dans le panneau de diagnostic appliqué. Dans 100% des cas étudiés, la stratégie possède poids de puissance de levier et l'étude expérimentale démontre qu'il est possible aux entreprises de prendre conscience de leur actuelle capacité de forces et de leur besoin en puissance de levier. Cela nous paraît évident, mais, comme les organisations dernièrement sont décrites de forme si «autonomes» et «vivantes», il devient important de souligner que, celui qui remarque est toujours l'être humain, c'est-à-dire la capacité stratégique est humaine, jamais organisationnelle. L'Intelligence économique ou compétitive est humaine et donc considérée dans cette étude du point de vue de son origine biologique, psychologique et socioculturelle et de sa façon d'opérer et d'apercevoir dans le monde. Tous les travaux issus d'autres domaines, tels que l'économie, la gestion ou la technologie de l'information, sont les bienvenus, ici, comme complémentaires au scénario économique, au système capitaliste et aux demandes de chaque affaire

Strategic Intelligence in IT Management

International audienc

L'équilibre des forces entre les résultats des projets d'intelligence compétitive et les aptitudes professionnelles identifiées

aCette étude, dont le début s'initia avec la pratique en consultation stratégique il y a dix ans, aboutit dans la thèse qui veut démontrer que chaque organisation présente une originalité qui la rend singulière, et que cela dépend de la force des talents qui la composent. Il nous est alors démontré que les résultats que cette étude obtient dépendent de l'ensemble des profils professionnels de ces talents-là, associé à leur alignement selon la stratégie et les objectifs tracés pour les affaires dans leur secteur de performance et leur marché. Voilà pourquoi nous pouvons conclure que l'utilisation du concept d'équilibre de forces dans le domaine de l'Intelligence économique enrichit le dossier de tendances et d'importances pour les prises de décisions les plus réussies, celles qui apportent de meilleurs résultats pour les affaires concernées, y compris des sauts d'évolution. L'étude conclut aussi que, conformément aux résultats pratiques analysés, le niveau de développement durable de l'entreprise dans le temps sera plus consistant lorsque le balancement sur les foyers utilisant actuellement des actions qui valorisent le passé réaffirment le présent et construisent un avenir s'avèrant, lui aussi, également important. Pour comprendre cette perception concluante, nous est apportée une idée explicative et didactique qui facilite la vision des interactions internes et externes. De cette manière, l'organisation est décomposée en trois piliers (appelés foyers), chacun possédant différentes potentialités, leur ensemble pouvant impacter les uns sur les autres avec des intensités différentes, étant possible de comprendre lesquels sont les facteurs qui servent d'intermédiaires pour la force de chacun. Après les expériences pratiques ayant utilisé ce principe, il nous a été possible de comprendre aussi, que, chaque fois qu'une organisation atteint son bilan idéal de forces, elle obtient des sauts naturels d'évolution dans les résultats où le talent humain est démontré, et cela avec un niveau d'effort exécutif minimum. L'effort excessif est dû, dans ce cas, aux besoins de dépense d'énergie supplémentaire pour essayer de compenser le désalignement. Toute organisation qui a utilisé un très grand effort pour atteindre à ses objectifs, ne possède pas de bilan de forces dans le panneau de diagnostic appliqué. Dans 100% des cas étudiés, la stratégie possède poids de puissance de levier et l'étude expérimentale démontre qu'il est possible aux entreprises de prendre conscience de leur actuelle capacité de forces et de leur besoin en puissance de levier. Cela nous paraît évident, mais, comme les organisations dernièrement sont décrites de forme si autonomes et vivantes , il devient important de souligner que, celui qui remarque est toujours l'être humain, c'est-à-dire la capacité stratégique est humaine, jamais organisationnelle. L'Intelligence économique ou compétitive est humaine et donc considérée dans cette étude du point de vue de son origine biologique, psychologique et socioculturelle et de sa façon d'opérer et d'apercevoir dans le monde. Tous les travaux issus d'autres domaines, tels que l'économie, la gestion ou la technologie de l'information, sont les bienvenus, ici, comme complémentaires au scénario économique, au système capitaliste et aux demandes de chaque affaireThis study started with the practice as a strategic consultant, more then 10 years ago and resulted in this thesis that shows that every organization comes up with its own originality that is singular, depending on the forces coming from the human talents that makes it up. Due to this, the results it achieves depends on the different professional profiles associated together, starting from the strategy and the objectives given. For the business and what it does in the market. Accompanying this supposition, I came to the conclusion that the use of the concept of balance of skills in economic intelligence, gives many positive aspects to the file and to the importance of more accurate decision making and its importance, that is, it is decision making that gives better results for the related business, promotion and jumps in growth. I also concluded that according to the practical results analyzed, the lager the balance in the fields used in the present, the more the actions valorize the past and reaffirms the present that constructs the future with a higher sustainability for the company over time, In order to understand this conclusive perception, a didactic explanation proposition is used to ease the vision of internal and external interactions. This way the company is divided in 3 pillars that are denominated in 3 points where each one of them has different potentials. All of them together have impact on one another with different intensities and which makes it possible to understand which of the forces are the intermediate of each one of them. After these experiences using this principle, it was possible to also understand that each time a company reaches its ideal point of forces, it ends up getting an sudden increase of results from a natural evolution, resulting from the human talent, shown with a minimum of executive effort. Excessive effort comes when, in this case, the necessity of extra energy is used, in order to compensate for an out of focus situation. Every company from this study that used a big effort in order to achieve results, does not possess well balanced forces in the panel of the applied diagnostic. In 100% of the studied cases, the strategy is the weight in the coming out of the results. The experimental study shows that it is possible for companies to become conscious of its actual force capacity and its need to encourage it. This seams to be obvious but as organizations lately are described as autonomous and alive it is important to confirm that, who always sees things, is the human resource. The strategic capacity is always human never organizational. Economic or competitive intelligence is human, therefore in this study, its biological, psychological, and sociocultural and its view of operating in the world. All studies coming from other areas such as economics, administration or information technology are wellcome as a complement to the economic scenario, to the capitalistic system and to the demand of every business.TOULON-Bibliotheque electronique (830629901) / SudocSudocFranceF

THE RIGHT TALENTS COORDINATING INFORMATION SYSTEMS TO FACILILATE STRATEGIC DECISIONS

International audienc

Masterbatch-based multi-walled carbon nanotube filled polypropylene nanocomposites: From processing to usage properties

International audienc

Compounding of masterbatch-based multi-walled carbon nanotube filled polypropylene nanocomposites: assessment of rheological and mechanical properties

International audienc